Pre-emergence Herbicide Delays the Critical Time of Weed Removal in Nebraska Popcorn | CropWatch

By Ethann Barnes - Graduate Research Assistant, Stevan Knezevic - Extension Weed Management Specialist, Nevin Lawrence - Integrated Weed Management Specialist, Suat Irmak – Professor of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, Oscar Rodriguez - Former Research Professor in Agronomy and Horticulture, Amit Jhala - Professor and Associate Department Head, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture

Popcorn is an important crop for many Nebraska farmers. For the last 20 years Nebraska has annually produced more popcorn than any other state in the United States.

Time lapse video of the critical time for weed removal in popcorn. Top left: no PRE herbicide applied and weeds removed at V9 popcorn growth stage; top right: Bicep II Magnum 1.6 qt/acre applied pre-emergence and remaining weeds removed at V9 popcorn growth stage; bottom left: weed-free popcorn; and bottom right: no PRE herbicide applied and weeds removed at V3 popcorn growth stage.

Limited agronomic field research has been conducted in popcorn and growers have generally relied on field corn research and the experience of agronomists and other farmers. However, popcorn is generally smaller, weaker, and less competitive with weeds than a typical field-corn hybrid.

Understanding the critical time of weed removal (CTWR) is necessary for designing effective weed management programs in popcorn that do not result in yield loss. The CTWR is the point at which weeds must be removed to avoid crop yield loss. Pre-emergence herbicides control early emerging weeds which delays the application or number of post-emergence (POST) herbicide applications.

By controlling early emerging weeds, the PRE herbicide gives an advantage to the crop to grow with less competition from weeds. PRE herbicides help prevent POST herbicide-resistance in weeds by reducing the size and number of weeds exposed to POST herbicide. The time and duration of weed competition along with weed species, weed size, and the number of weeds ultimately determines the crop yield loss. Field corn research suggests that the CTWR ranges from the V1 growth stage (1^st collared leaf) to the V7 stage (7^th collared leaf) in the United States (Halford et al. 2001; Norsworthy and Oliveira 2004). Under Nebraska growing conditions the CTWR in field corn ranges from V4 to V7 (Evans et al. 2003).

Nebraska Research on the Critical Time of Weed Removal in Popcorn

Field studies were conducted in 2017 and 2018 at UNL’s South Central Agricultural Laboratory near Clay Center to determine the CTWR in popcorn produced with and without Bicep II Magnum (a premix of atrazine/S-metolachlor; 1.6 quarts per acre) applied PRE. The study was laid out in a spilt-plot design with PRE herbicide as the main plot and weed removal timing as the subplot. Main plots included no herbicide or Bicep II Magnum applied PRE. Subplot treatments included weed-free control, non-treated control, and weed removal timing at V3, V6, V9, V15, and R1 popcorn growth stages and then keeping the field weed-free throughout the season.

Weed pressure at v9 popcorn with PRE — Figure 1. Weed pressure at V9 popcorn growth stage with Bicep II Magnum 1.6 qt/acre applied as pre-emergence.

Weed pressure at V9 popcorn growth stage with no PRE herbicide application — Figure 2. Weed pressure at V9 popcorn growth stage without pre-emergence herbicide.

Popcorn where a PRE had been applied — Figure 3. Popcorn on July 6, 2018. Bicep II Magnum was applied at a rate of 1.6 quarts per acre pre-emergence. Remaining weeds were removed at the V9 popcorn growth stage on June 19, 2018.

Popcorn where neither a PRE or POST were applied — Figure 4. Popcorn on July 6, 2018. No pre- or post-emergence herbicide applied. All weeds were removed at the V9 popcorn growth stage on June 19, 2018.

Conclusion

In this study, popcorn competed with Palmer amaranth, common waterhemp, velvetleaf, common lambsquarters, and foxtail (Figures 1-2).
In the absence of a PRE herbicide, the CTWR occurs at the V4 to V5 popcorn growth stage (Figures 2 and 4).
When Bicep II Magnum was applied PRE, the CTWR was delayed until V10 to V15 (Figures 1 and 3).
When no PRE herbicide is applied, weeds must be controlled before the V4 popcorn growth stage to avoid yield loss.
In this study, using a PRE herbicide such as Bicep II Magnum, could delay the CTWR until the V10 growth stage.
POST herbicides should be applied based on weed height and crop stage guidelines found in the herbicide label.

For more information on this study, see this article in the journal, Weed Technology.

References

Evans, Sean, Stevan Knezevic, John Lindquist, Charles Shapiro, Erin Blankenship (2003). Nitrogen application influences the critical period for weed control in corn. Weed Science 51:408–417

Halford C, Hamill AS, Zhang J, Doucet C (2001), Critical period of weed control in no-till soybean and corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology 15:737–744

Norsworthy JK, Oliveira MJ (2004) Comparison of the critical period for weed control in wide- and narrow-row corn. Weed Science 52:802–807

Online Master of Science in Agronomy

With a focus on industry applications and research, the online program is designed with maximum flexibility for today's working professionals.

Learn More