By Martina LaVallie, graduate student in the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of Agronomy and Horticulture Advisor: John A. Guretzky, Associate Professor and Grassland Systems Ecologist, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture
Historically, planting legumes such as alfalfa with a companion crop was common practice. Oats are a top choice when establishing alfalfa because as a cool-season annual grass, it provided soil cover and grain production during spring establishment periods. For a variety of reasons, though, growers may be more inclined to use a warm-season companion crop over a cool-season companion crop. These reasons range from desired legume planting dates to forage needs during establishment. When selecting a companion crop, growers should consider the impact and relation between the two crops of interest.
In May 2016 University of Nebraska-Lincoln researchers initiated a study to examine effects of using sorghum-sudangrass, a warm-season annual grass, as a companion crop to establish three common forage legumes (alfalfa, red clover, and birdsfoot trefoil) and three native prairie legumes (Illinois bundleflower, purple prairie clover, and roundhead lespedeza). Collected data included measurements of legume stand counts, forage production from sorghum-sudangrass, and weed species biomass. While this research has just begun, we wanted to inform you about potential benefits from using sorghum-sudangrass as a companion crop with legumes.
What is Companion Cropping?
Simply stated, companion cropping is the seeding of two or more plants together so that they grow simultaneously alongside one another. The main focus in using companion crops is that the selected crops have some sort of beneficial interaction. This can vary from pest control to soil health, pollination or even growth potential.
Companion cropping is a form of planting that has been used for many years and is adaptable to a variety of scales, from small-scale backyard gardens to an industry crop field. A multitude of crops can be combined and used in this system. For more information on which crops often work well together contact your local extension educator.
Sorghum-Sudangrass
Figure 2. Early growth of red clover with sorghum-sudangrass in mid-June, about a month after planting in Lincoln.
Sorghum-sudangrass is a coarse, erect grass that has been developed by crossing sorghum, which is tall and stemmy, with a leafy sudangrass. This crossing provides a valuable forage crop capable of producing bountiful production in the warm summer months, typically from late June through September. A warm-season crop can help overcome periods of low forage availability in mid to latesummer.
One of the main characteristics of sorghum-sudangrass is how high it can grow; if allowed to grow until physiological maturity, it can reach heights of 8-12 ft. Leaves of the plant have a similar appearance to those of corn plants but are shorter and a bit wider. When it comes to planting, it is recommended that the sorghum-sudangrass crop be planted when the upper four inches of the soil is 65°F or above to enhance the opportunity for quick germination and emergence. In Nebraska soil often warms to this temperature from mid-May to mid-June.
Soil Health Benefits
Sorghum-sudangrass offers many soil-building benefits. While legumes, with their extensive root system, may be used in the tactical practice of breaking up soil compaction, inter-planting sorghum-sudangrass can accelerate that process. Sorghum-sudangrass has its own robust root system that may quickly help alleviate compaction problems in the upper layers of soil.
Another benefit of sorghum-sudangrass is that its root system has allelopathic compounds that may be released into the soil and aid weed control. When other plants, such as weeds, take up these compounds through their root systems, the plants can die.
Sorghum-sudangrass roots will strongly anchor the plant into the ground, providing additional ground cover. With additional plants, the sorghum-sudangrass assists in securing the soil and protecting it from elements such as wind and water erosion.
Lastly, the large quantity of root biomass may contribute to increased soil health by adding soil organic matter as the roots break down. When you couple the additional organic matter with nitrogen-fixing benefits of inter-planted legumes, overall soil health may improve, increasing nutrient availability for the next crop.
Additional Advantages
Sorghum-sudangrass is drought tolerant, which makes it more adaptable to regions that may not have irrigation or sufficient rainfall for other crops. On top of being drought-tolerant, sorghum-sudangrass uses water more efficiently than other warm-season crops. For example, compared to corn, some studies show sorghum-sudangrass uses one-third less water and offers greater biomass.
While the allelopathic effects ward off weeds, the presence of sorghum-sudangrass also decreases the number of weeds that are able to establish. Thanks to its quick germination and establishment and its large size, using sorghum-sudangrass as a companion crop may diminish space for weeds to invade and become established before the legumes are fully established.
Concluding Thoughts
Having noted these benefits of sorghum-sudangrass, it is also important to weigh the disadvantages that may result from inter-planting one crop with another. While allelopathic components of sorghum-sudangrass offer a good mechanism for fending off weeds, the compounds could negatively affect legume growth and establishment. The legumes and sorghum-sudangrass may compete for light, as well as available water and nutrients, which could lead to reduced legume yields.
It is this question of legume establishment and forage production that University of Nebraska-Lincoln researchers are addressing with their longer term research and through which they hope to provide valuable information for producers. As the study progresses we hope to continue to provide producers with valuable information as more is discovered about the utilization options of Sorghum-Sudangrass.
About the Author
Martina La Vallie
Martina LaVallie was one of eight students who completed the Integrated Agronomic Systems Fellowship at UNL last summer. She is a recent graduate of Augustana University in Sioux Falls, S.D. where she received a bachelor's degree in biology (ecology).
She is currently working toward a master's degree in agronomy at the Univeristy of Nebraska-Lincoln. Upon completion she plans to become an extension agent working with producers and others in the agricultural field.
Support for this project was provided by a grant from the USDA NIFA FY15 Agriculture and Food Research Initiative: Education and Literacy Initiative–Undergraduate Experiential Learning Fellowships Program "Developing Research and Extension Skills of Students in Integrated Agronomic Systems."
