Drought can cause numerous nitrate problems in all sorts of feedstuffs, but even if you had normal precipitation, don't assume nitrates won't be a hazard. Other factors also can affect the development of nitrates. Fertilization, cutting height, stage of maturity at harvest, drying conditions, and type of small grain all play a role and can lead to high nitrates even when growing conditions are good.
Of all the small grains, oats have high nitrates most frequently, but wheat, rye, and triticale also can have problems.
To avoid cattle illness or death, test your hay for nitrates before feeding. Gather samples using a hay coring device from at least a dozen bales. If you know which bales came from areas more likely to produce high nitrates, such as droughty soils, heavily fertilized or manured areas, or very young growth, be sure to gather at least some or possibly all your samples from these bales. Then, use the results of the laboratory tests to help you feed the hay safely.
Don't assume your hay is okay. Test to be sure and avoid potential cattle losses.
Bruce Anderson
Extension Forage Specialist
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