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Insect Management
Corn Production
Irrigation Management
Ag Programs/Resources/Updates
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Topics will include ranch management during drought, animal identification, heifer development, herd health, new EPDs for the beef industry, cattle inventory and markets, international trade, biosecurity, and protein supplements during winter grazing.
"The day's activities are designed so producers can come and go throughout the day," said Don Adams, beef range systems specialist, acting director of the University of Nebraska West Central Research and Extension Center at North Platte.
Gudmundsen is three miles north and five miles east of Whitman. Registration will begin at 8:30 a.m. MDT, with activities scheduled through 4 p.m. For a complete schedule, visit the Gudmundsen Web site at http://westcentral.unl.edu/gsl/. The program is available free to the public but the registration deadline has passed for the complimentary lunch. Please call (800) 657-2113; (308) 532-3611, ext. 124; or e-mail at eheil@unlnotes.unl.edu to check on lunch availability.
Gudmundsen, formerly known as the Rafter C Ranch, was donated by Elmer "Pete" and Abbie Gudmundsen to the NU Foundation in 1978 with the desired purpose "to improve, advance and support agriculture in the state of Nebraska in ways that have relevance to the Sandhills area of the state through added research, improved teaching and continuing education and service to the agricultural industry."
The group host tours and field days in Kansas and throughout the Great Plains. This week’s
Nebraska tours are scheduled for:
Registration is $50. For more information about the program or to register, visit the organization
Web site at http://www.notill.org/bus_tours/ww_04/whirlwind_04.htm
The day will begin at 9:30 a.m. this Tuesday, August 24, in Scottsbluff at the Panhandle Research and
Extension Center auditorium with a report on the status and marketing of the 2004 dry edible
bean crop. At 10 a.m., participants will begins will take tours to various research plots focusing
on bean varieties, yield trials, plant diseases, management techniques, direct harvest and, of
course, irrigation. Following a noon lunch, there will be a tour of three field demonstration sites
where sub-inch accuracy auto-steer systems will be shown.
Three local machinery dealerships will have tractors equipped with sub-inch, GPS-based, auto-
steer systems. Factory representatives will explain how each system works and what equipment
is needed. Each system will be demonstrated in the field by driving several parallel paths to
show the sub-inch repeatability. After all three systems have been demonstrated, representatives
will be available to answer individual questions and to provide individual, hands-on,
demonstrations.
Companies and equipment that will be represented include:
The Box Butte County Tour will begin at the Albert Benzel and Son’s field at the corner of
Madison Road and County Road 61 where three late season weed control techniques will be
demonstrated. From there the tour will travel to the Norm Nuss field to observe Aphanomyces
Control demonstration strips, and then to Mark Kimmel’s field for another late season weed
control demonstration, including a weed clipper. The Box Butte County tour will end with
lunch at Leonard Green’s at 5831 Knox Road.
The Scottsbluff County Tour will begin at 4:00 pm at the Keller Brother’s field 1/4 mile west of
Haig School on highway 92 to see a nematode resistant variety demonstration. From there the
tour will travel to one of Mike John fields for another nematode demonstration and then on to a
late season weed management demonstration at Stan and Dean Schaneman’s pivot near the
Scottsbluff Country Club on Highway 71. The tour will return to the University of Nebraska
Panhandle Center to tour sugarbeet research including sugarbeet root aphid control, new weed
control systems in sugarbeets, mid-season water stress in sugarbeets, and biological
control of root diseases in sugarbeets. The tour will conclude with a meal provided by Western
Sugar Cooperative.
For more information about the tours, please contact Keith Flint at the University of Nebraska
Panhandle Research and Extension Center at 308-641-5112.
No-till on the Plains sweeps into Nebraska Aug. 24, 25
No-till on the Plains will be conducting its 2004 Whirlwind Tour and Expo this week at several
Nebraska sites. No-Till on the Plains, Inc., of Wamego, Kansas is a partnership of farmers,
agribusinesses, associations, and state and federal agencies committed to increasing the adoption
of cropping systems that enhance soil and water quality and economic potential. The organization
is devoted to educating farmers about how to develop economically, agronomically, and
environmentally sound crop production systems with no-till farming techniques.
The program will include a rainfall simulator demonstration, soil pit demonstration and
discussion and presentations on soil structure changes, rotations, and seeding attachments and
equipment for no-till crop production. Speakers will include: Ray Ward, Ward Ag Lab in
Kearney; Paul Jasa, UNL Extension Engineer, Greg Scott, USDA NRCS soil scientist in
Oklahoma; Bud Davis, conservation agronomist with the USDA NRCS in Kansas, Bob Klein,
UNL Extension Cropping Systems Specialist, West Central REC, and experienced no-till farmers
who will share their experiences. Auto-steer demonstration to follow dry bean field tour Aug. 24
Learn more about one of the newest technologies in agricultural equipment for production
agriculture — automated guidance systems -- at this year’s Nebraska Dry Bean Field Day and
demonstration.
For more information contact John Smith, UNL Extension engineer at the Panhandle REC, at
308-632-1247.Sugarbeet Research and Demonstration Tours
Late season weed control management and nematode resistant varieties will be two focus topics
of the 2004 Sugarbeet PROFIT field tours on August 26. This year there will be two tours -- the
Box Butte County tour will begin at 10 a.m. and the Scottsbluff County tour will begin at 4 p.m.Precision Farming Training Aug. 26
UNL Precision Farming and Management Technologies Training will be this Thursday, August
26, at the Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The
program is targeted to individuals considering implementing precision agriculture technologies
or just beginning to use them. Topics will include: precision agriculture overview; yield monitor
basics; Global Positioning Systems (GPS); establishing your farm’s Geographic Information
Systems (GIS); and the economics and dollars and cents of precision ag production. Presenters
will include: Viacheslav Adamchuk, NU Extension Precision Agriculture Engineer; Richard
Ferguson, NU Extension Soils Specialist; Jerry Mulliken, Independent Crop Consultant; and
Dave Varner, NU Extension Educator
For more details or to register, see the ARDC Web site at http://ardc.unl.edu/2004CMDCprecision.htm.
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Some economic thresholds being circulated for soybean aphid are much lower than what we recommend. We feel that the threshold of 250 aphids per plant with increasing populations is much more realistic and still gives growers about a week to spray the field before economic damage occurs. This also allows time for weather and natural enemies to help slow the population increase. The last two seasons populations naturally started decreasing in mid to late August.
The lower threshold numbers being used by some are based on some preliminary data. We feel these thresholds are not realistic and require more extensive research. Therefore, we strongly discourage treating for soybean aphids until the 250 per plant threshold is reached and populations are increasing. Soybean populations are expected to naturally decline sometime in late August to early September, but the timing of the decline is not known, so stay vigilant.
Tom Hunt
Extension Entomologist
Haskell Ag Lab, NEREC
Keith Jarvi
Extension IPM, NEREC
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The Hybrid-Maize Simulation Model — a new software product developed by the UNL Department of Agronomy and Horticulture — can be used at different stages of the growing season to predict yield potential. These predictions can be used to aid in monitoring crops, making in-season adjustments to crop management, evaluating the risks and effects of drought, and planning marketing strategies.
To use Hybrid-Maize, real-time weather data for a given site are downloaded from the Automated Weather Data Network (AWDN) of the High Plains Regional Climate Center (HPRCC) at UNL. For practical purposes, in-season updates can be downloaded about once a week, using the closest weather station. Hybrid-Maize users provide field-specific information on date of planting, hybrid grown (GDD from emergence to maturity), plant population, irrigation dates and amounts, and soil type. Users also can edit the weather data file by adding their own location-specific rainfall records. Based on this information, Hybrid-Maize simulates corn growth until the date during the growing season on which a forecast is to be made.
For predicting the final yield from that point forward to crop maturity, the model uses long-term weather records for that site to simulate all possible growth scenarios for the remainder of the growing season. Because the forecasts are based on historical weather data that include wet and dry years as well as favorable and nonfavorable growing seasons, the predictions from this forecasting system include the full range of possible yield outcomes, the most likely yield range (within 25-75% of all scenarios) and a median predicted yield. Those values can then be compared with the long-term median and the previous year. Because the model is sensitive to temperature and water availability, including rainfall and irrigation, predictions improve as the season progresses and more of the record can be based on actual weather data.
The Hybrid-Maize User Manual provides a detailed description of how to make in-season yield forecasts. Figure 1 shows an example of in-season predictions of corn yield potential at Clay Center for the 2004 growing season. We have assumed an average planting date of May 1, a hybrid that requires 2700 GDD from emergence to maturity (about a 112-day relative maturity), and a final stand of 30,000 plants per acre. Silking was predicted to occur on July 19 and the crop is currently approaching milk stage (R3). Long-term weather records (1982 to 2003) suggest an average yield potential of 262 bu/ac for these planting conditions. So far, weather was favorable and growth in the 2004 growing season has been slightly above the long-term median. The latest yield forecast sug-gests a final median yield of 272 bu/ac, with a most likely range (from 25-75% of all forecasts made) of 252 to 295 bu/ac.
Experience from our research studies suggest that the median yield forecasted at this growth stage is often very close to the actual yield; however, these numbers also mean that there is still a 25% chance that the yield potential is less than 252 bu/ac and a 25% chance that it is more than 295 bu/ac. The latter will be the case if cooler weather prevails during grain fill. It is important to continue monitoring the crop to make sure that sufficient water is supplied during grain fill. Note, however, that this yield forecast represents the yield potential, which is usually higher than actual field level yield. Other factors, such as pests, soil and management practices, also can affect yields.
Figure 2 shows in-season predictions of corn yield potential for key locations in Nebraska, as of August 3, 2004. For all locations, we have assumed an average planting date of May 1 and a population of 30,000 plants per acre. Furthermore, for each location we have assumed that hybrids with a suitable maturity rating are grown, ranging from 2200 GDD at Alliance to 2700 GDD in south central and southeast Nebraska (Table 1). All predictions assume that irrigated corn is grown under optimal conditions, i.e., with full irrigation and no nutrient or pest problems.
As can be seen from this, corn yield potential is high in 2004 compared to last year as well as compared to the long-term median. At most sites, we can expect that the yield potential is about 10 to 30 bu/ac higher than in a normal year and also higher than last year. Actual yields will obviously be less and differ more widely due to field-specific differences in planting date, hybrid, plant population, soil, irrigation, nutrient supply, and other crop management factors. Nevertheless, the conditions are excellent for a bumper corn harvest, provided that August stays relatively cool.
Haishun Yang
UNL Research Assistant Professor
Department of Agronomy & Horticulture
Achim Dobermann
Extension Soil Fertility/Nutrient Management Specialist
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For more information visit the Hybrid-Maize Model Web or email Haishun Yang, one of the project authors, at hyang2@unl.edu.
"Early planting and adequate rainfall across most of Nebraska's dryland
growing areas combined with mild temperatures have boosted crop prospects well
above last year," said Mark Harris director of Nebraska Agricultural
Statistics Service. Harris also noted, "Corn, oats and hay yields are all
forecast at record high levels."
Soybean production in Nebraska is forecast at 216 million bushels, 20% above
last year and second highest on record behind 2001. Acres for harvest, at 4.7
million, are second highest on record. Yield is forecast at 46 bushels per
acre, up 6 bushels from 2003 and second highest on record behind 1994.
Nebraska's 2004 winter wheat crop is forecast at 57.6 million bushels,
unchanged from last month's forecast, but 31% below last year's
crop. Acreage for grain, at 1.8 million, is unchanged from last month.
Average yield is forecast at 32 bushels per acre, unchanged from last
month, but 14 bushels below last year.
Sorghum yield is forecast at 85 bushels per acre, up 23 bushels from
last year. Production is forecast at 35.7 million bushels. Dry edible
bean production, at 1.93 million cwt., is down 39% from last year. Oat yield
is forecast at a record high 77 bushels per acre. Production forecast is at
3.85 million bushels, down 41% from 2003 due to fewer acres. Sugarbeet
production of 960 thousand tons is up 11% from 2003. Alfalfa hay production
is forecast at 4.75 million tons, down 9% from last year, and all other hay
production is down 2%. Fewer acres expected to be harvested more than offset
record high yields for alfalfa and all other hay.
USDA Nebraska Agricultural Statistics Service
The ADEC Estore offers UNL software for sale by download only or for download or CD. UNL products on the ADEC Estore site are:
USDA: Nebraska 2004 corn and soybean production second highest
Based on August 1 conditions, Nebraska's 2004 corn crop is forecast at 1.22 billion bushels, 9%
above 2003, and the second highest of record, according to an Aug. 12 report
from USDA's Nebraska Agricultural Statistics Service. Acreage to be harvested
for grain remained unchanged at 7.9 million acres, up 3% from last
year. Average yield is forecast at a record 155 bushels per acre, 9
bushels above last year's crop and 8 bushels above the previous high set
in 2001. Select Extension pubs now available for online ordering
On-line, credit card ordering for several Cooperative Extension products is now available from the American Distance Education Consortium (ADEC) Estore at estore.adec.edu. This on-line option is in addition to Extension’s more established “store fronts” for its information products: local Cooperative Extension offices, the Cooperative Extension Publications Warehouse and the Extension Publications Web site.
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Like western corn rootworms, northern corn rootworm numbers vary from year to year due to winter weather conditions and cropping patterns in a region, among other factors. Relatively mild winters the last several years may have allowed northern corn rootworms to increase in numbers, and areas using a corn-soybean-corn rotation may have favored the extended diapause trait.
If you suspect that you have rotated corn fields with injury from rootworm larval feeding, it is important to dig a few roots to confirm that the damage is caused by rootworms. Not all lodging or leaning is necessarily due to rootworm injury. Rootworm feeding injury causes root pruning; when severe, the equivalent of one or more nodes of roots may be pruned back close to the stalk. It is important to fully wash the roots to evaluate damage. At this time the plants may have recovered somewhat from injury by growing new roots which may hide the old injury behind them.
Root damage from rootworm feeding can be rated using the Iowa 1-6 injury rating system (see NebGuide G92-1108, Evaluating Corn Rootworm Soil Insecticide Performance). Dig at least 10 randomly selected plants from several areas of a field. Leave a 9-inch cube of soil surrounding the root system, wash the roots to remove soil and rate each plant for injury using the rating scale.
The relationship between root injury rating and yield loss is complex, but usually a root injury rating of 3 or more on the 1-6 scale is needed to cause economic yield loss. The corn plant has the capacity to regrow roots and compensate for some early season injury, especially if soil moisture and fertility are adequate during the regrowth period. Several weeks have passed between the end of rootworm injury and the time of root rating, and new root growth may hide the injury. Examine roots carefully to accurately rate them. An alternative method to evaluate root injury has been developed at Iowa State University and is gaining acceptance. It is based on a 0-3 scale. This system was developed to avoid some of the perceived problems with the traditional 1-6 scale, including that the 1-6 scale is not linear (e.g., a rating of 4 does not represent twice as much injury as a rating of 2), and that the 1-6 scale is difficult to explain. The 0-3 scale is linear and the meaning of the injury values are easy to understand. Another potential advantage to the 0-3 scale is that it is more sensitive in detecting differences at low levels of injury compared to the 1-6 scale. This is particularly important in some research applications.
In this scale 0 = no damage, 1 = one complete root node is pruned (as defined above), 2 = two complete root nodes are pruned, and 3 = 3 root nodes are pruned. Fractional ratings are possible, e.g. 1.5 = equivalent of 1.5 root nodes pruned. A description of the 0-3 rating system is available on an Iowa State University Web site.
If you have a confirmed history of economic damage from northern corn rootworm feeding in corn after soybeans, a planting time rootworm control may be warranted next year.
Additional information about northern and western corn rootworm biology and management is available from EC 1563, Corn Rootworm Management, available from your local Cooperative Extension office and on the Web at the UNL Entomology web site.
Bob Wright
Extension Entomologist
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| Twospotted spider mites (left) and Banks grass mites (right). Notice the difference in the pigment patterns between the two insects. |
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| Banks grass mites, Oligonychus pratensis. |
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| Twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae. |
Two species of spider mites, the Banks grass mite and twospotted spider mite, commonly feed on Nebraska corn. Banks grass mites feed almost exclusively on grasses, including corn and sorghum. Twospotted spider mites not only feed on many species of grasses, but also on soybeans, fruit trees and a variety of vegetables and ornamental plants. Although these two species are somewhat similar in appearance, they differ in several biological characteristics and in their susceptibility to pesticides.
Banks grass mites usually appear earlier in the season, feed mostly on the lower leaves of the corn plant, and in Nebraska are moderately susceptible to many of the commonly used miticides. On the other hand, twospotted spider mites tend to appear in mid to late season, increase rapidly, feed over the entire plant, and often are not consistently controlled by available pesticides. The most useful characteristics for identification are the overall shape of the body and the pattern of pigmentation spots on the back (see figure). The dark green spots on both species are caused by food particles that accumulate in their gut. Because of differences in gut structure, these pigment spots accumulate in slightly different patterns. In Banks grass mites the pigments accumulate along both edges of the body near the rear and along the sides of the body. In twospotted spider mites, the pigments accumulate along the sides of the body in two distinct spots and do not extend back more than halfway on the body. The Banks grass mite is also slightly less robust than the twospotted spider mite and is slightly flatter from top to bottom.
Mites damage crops by piercing plant cells with their mouthparts and sucking the plant juices. The first evidence of mite feeding, which can usually be seen on the top of the leaf, is a yellow or whitish spotting of the leaf tissues in areas where the mites are feeding on the lower leaf surface. Because many other things can cause similar discoloration, it is important to check leaves closely to make sure mites are actually causing the damage. Leaf discoloration caused by mite feeding can be easily identified by checking the undersurface of leaves for the presence of mites, eggs and webbing. Both Banks grass mites and twospotted spider mites produce webbing, and a fine network of silken webs will likely be associated with mite colonies. A magnifying glass or 10X hand lens is helpful in examining plants for mites.
Management
The economic injury level indicated in the table provides a method for deciding when to treat, taking into account the value of corn. This table works for both twospotted spider mites and Banks grass mites. The first row refers to the expected value of the crop ($/acre), determined by multiplying the expected yield (bu/acre), by the expected crop price ($/bu). For example, if the expected yield is 200 bu/acre and the expected price is $1.50/bu, then the value per acre is $300.
Deciding whether to treat involves two steps. First, determine the percentage of leaves infested with mites (an infested leaf has one or more live mites). Compare that number with the first number in the table. If the field average is less than the table value, you don't need to treat, but do continue to monitor the field. If the field average exceeds the table value, then estimate the percentage of total leaf area damaged by mites. If the field average exceeds the table value, it is likely that treating for spider mites will increase yield above the cost of treatment.
Also, note that control costs are a factor in this table. Depending on the product chosen, the critical values may change greatly. For example, under the column $300 market value, the critical value for percent infested leaves varies from 20%, if control costs are $10, to 49% if control costs are $25.
Products labeled for spider mite control on corn include dimethoate (several formulations), Comite 6.55EC and Capture 2EC. Dimethoate has performed reasonably well in Nebraska against Banks grass mites, but not twospotted spider mites. If twospotted spider mites are present, either Comite or Capture would provide better control. See the Department of Entomology web site on spider mite control or product labels for specific rates and restrictions. With the exception of Comite, pesticides do not kill mite eggs, and there is a possibility of re-infestation of the fields as eggs hatch out. Since many of their natural enemies were probably killed by the initial pesticide application, these populations may build up rather quickly and should be monitored carefully. Corn is unlikely to benefit from treatment for spider mites after the dent stage.
Twospotted spider mites also may develop on soybeans. No research has been conducted that would allow calculation of an economic injury level for twospotted spider mites on soybeans. Iowa State University Extension specialists have suggested that control may be warranted when infested plants have substantial spotting or leaf yellowing and live mites, but before mites cause browning and leaf drop. Damage from mites may be confused with that caused by drought and several foliar diseases, so be sure to base treatment decisions on the presence of mites, rather than just apparent injury symptoms.
Fields may be spot treated if the infestation is localized, but check other areas for mites (especially downwind of infestation) and extend treatments into these areas if large numbers of mites are found. Although late season infestations may accelerate soybean senescence and increase pod shattering, use caution when evaluating whether to treat with pesticides because many of the pesticides used for mite control have 21-28 day preharvest intervals
. Products to use in soybeans include dimethoate (several formulations) and Lorsban 4E at 0.5 to 1 pint per acre. See the NU Department of Entomology web site or product labels for specific rates and restrictions. For more information see the UNL Cooperative Extension publication, Spider Mite Management in Corn and Soybeans, G1167.
Bob Wright
Extension Entomologist
South Central Ag Laboratory
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Crop condition in the region varies. Crops that were severely stressed early in the season are having a hard time developing properly. An early frost may hit before some of these crops mature. This demonstrates the importance of having adequate soil water early in the plant growth cycle. Those crops that received water and were allowed to develop normally early in the season, should be able to reach maturity, given a little bit of added precipitation during late August and September.
Some valley fields can be irrigated from irrigation wells, while a significant amount of the 400,000 acres in the valley will have to rely on mother nature for finishing out the crop.
North and south in the Panhandle crops generally show a little more uniformity in their growth pattern. This is partially due to a little higher frequency of rain during the spring and summer. Unfortunately, hail was a part of some summer storms. Areas reporting hail in the last few weeks include Sidney, Kimball, and areas around Alliance, Bridgeport and Minatare. Although the areas reporting hail are somewhat localized, the degree of damage has been significant.
C. Dean YontsIrrigation water outlook improves in western NE
Irrigators in the North Platte Valley of western Nebraska received a bit of good news from the irrigation districts last week. Water supplies are expected to last a little longer than what was earlier projected, primarly due to two factors. First, there has been some rain which helped increase the flow of water into the system. Second, canal delivery efficiencies have been better this year. Canals normally operate in the 50-65% efficiency range, but this year one of the big canals peaked at 72%. The reason for the improvement is not really known, but this definitely allowed diversions to be limited. Current plans call for water to run out around August 20-25 for most districts.
Extension Irrigation Specialist
Panhandle REC
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F. John Hay, Extension Educator based in Pierce, Madison and Wayne counties: Rain is scarce. We received 3/10 inch Saturday night, but not enough to bring back the dryland corn on sand. Pivot corners and dryland fields planted to sandy soils are hurting for moisture, yet heavier textured fields are still holding up and looking good. Pivots have been running steadily for the past couple weeks on both corn and beans. Soybean aphids exist in most all fields in Madison, Wayne and Pierce counties with numbers generally low at 1-20 aphids per plant, although some areas have had larger numbers of 100-300 aphids per plant. I’ve heard that five to six fields have already been sprayed for aphids.
Andy Christiansen, Extension Educator based in Hamilton County: A large number of acres in this area have been treated for soybean aphid. Many acres are being treated before reaching the threshold of 250 aphids per plant; I have heard reports of some fields with several hundred aphids per plant. I’ve also received reports of spider mites in some fields, but am not aware of any being treated. Late corn needs to be scouted for European corn borer this week.
Jim Peterson, Extension Educator based in Washington County: Crops here are in excellent condition, but slightly behind normal in development. Timely rains have really benefitted the crop with the possible exception of alfalfa, where the rain has complicated harvest. Many farmers are finding soybean aphids but generally numbers have not been great. There have been reports of some fields in northwest Washington County being sprayed.
Tom Dorn, Extension Educator based in Lancaster County: I continue to find soybean aphids in every soybean field I look at, but, (to my surprise given the cooler temperatures), aphid populations are about steady with last week. Beans are in late stage R4 to mid stage R5. I think we are nearing the point where treatment may not be warranted in most fields, given present aphid numbers and the growth stage. Corn is in the dough to hard dough stage. Dryland fields of beans, corn and grain sorghum are showing drought symptoms; we need rain soon to achieve the yield potential we have at present.
Duane Lienemann, Extension Educator based in Webster and Clay counties: I have not seen any soybean aphids in Webster County, but Jennifer Fleer, Extension Educator in Clay County, has found some there. I am seeing a lot of corn leaf aphids and some fields are thick with them. We’re seeing minor levels of soybean leaf beetle activity. Of more concern is the lack of moisture at this critical juncture. Corn, beans and even some grain sorghum on pivot corners and turn rows are turning brown and dying.
Pastures seem to be in pretty good shape with fair grass growth; however, I have never seen so much common mullein. Several pastures in south central Nebraska and in particular in Webster and Franklin counties have countless numbers of this pest. With each plant able to produce more than 100,000 seeds and those seeds living 35-100 years in the soil, this could be a developing problem. Several farmers have not had much luck spraying the plant for control this late spring and summer and many are shredding the worst areas and think they will need to use Tordon this fall on those areas. There are also a lot of other weeds, including ironweed and ragweed, maturing in the overgrazed pastures.
I also have noted a lot of bare spots in pastures and more rodents than I can recall. We had some timely rains early that really helped, but we are in critical need now in all dryland and rangeland concerns. Irrigation has been constant for about 60 days and irrigators are becoming concerned about their fuel bills. This cool weather is nice but cause some problems for late planted or replanted beans and corn as the growing season comes ever closer to an end.
Ralph Kulm, Extension Educator based in Holt County: Irrigated crops look good. Corn borer and western bean cutworm have not been serious problems and bean leaf beetles and soybean aphids have not yet become a problem. Crop development is a little behind normal, but this shouldn’t be too much of a problem unless we have an early frost. Irrigators are glad to have some cooler weather so they can relax a little from the non-stop pumping needed during the hot weather. The outlook for dryland crops, however, is much different. They are in very bad condition and producers are starting to cut dryland corn for silage as much of it has very little chance of maturing further and is drying up. Third cutting alfalfa will be minimal to nonexistant without significant rainfall.
Focus projects
One of the featured research projects is a study of green stem in soybeans. Green stem is a condition where the crop is mature with dry seed ready for harvest, but the stems are green, complicating combining. Extension Educator Jenny Fleer will discuss the screening study and possible role of bean pod mottle virus in green stem. Extension Educator Andrew Christiansen will address the cost of harvesting overly dry soybeans.
Another research project, being conducted on five farms in three counties, compares yields for varieties under normal and low populations. One of the comparison varieties is advertised as having prolific genetics which allow high production under low populations. Extension Educator Terry Hejny will discuss this research.
Several studies in recent years have addressed the role of nitrogen in soybean production, particularly related to mid-season application and how to give proper credit for corn following beans. Extension Educator Gary Zoubek will provide an update on research and on-farm studies of these issues.
Roger Elmore, Extension cropping systems specialist, will address corn variety trial data and timely access of the data via the internet. The UNL south central off-station variety trial is on the Otte farm.
Dan Leininger of the Upper Big Blue Natural Resource District will provide an update on the NRD irrigation study south of York.
The Quad Counties On-farm Research Group was started in 1998 to provide producers an opportunity to test and demonstrate University of Nebraska recommendations in local “real field” situations. From fertilizer rates to irrigation costs and from planting speeds and dates to insecticide treatments, the trials let farmers assess results of tests in typical farm production situations, compare information, and improve production decisions.
Site directions
For more information, contact one of the following Extension educators: Andrew Christiansen, 694-6174; Gary Zoubek, 362-5508; Jennifer Fleer, 762-3644; or Terry Hejny, 759-3712.
The program’s primary focus is to demonstrate research-based irrigation management strategies in farmer fields, providing “hands-on” practical information on how farmers and consultants can implement these practices locally. For Steve Melvin, program coordinator and extension educator based in Frontier County, a key goal of the program “is to make irrigation scheduling and management as easy as keeping fuel in the tank using the fuel gauge.”
A series of Irrigation Demonstration Project producer farm tours will showcase corn irrigated using three strategies — fully watered, water miser, and deficit irrigation. Program presentations also will address 15 water-conserving ideas, how time of application and amount of water applied affects crop yield, and yield affects of skip-row planted corn.
Fully watered, the traditional best management practice irrigation management strategy focuses on keeping soil-water at a high enough level to prevent moisture stress from being a yield-limiting factor, said Melvin. The goal of the strategy is to maintain the plant available soil-water (in the active root zone) between field capacity and 50% depletion from planting through maturity.
“The water miser irrigation management strategy focuses on saving water during the less sensitive vegetative growth stages and fully watering during the critical reproductive growth stages,” Melvin said.
Irrigation is delayed until about two weeks before tassel emergence for corn unless soil-water becomes 70% depleted (in the active root zone). Once the crop reaches the reproductive growth stage the plant available soil-water (in the active root zone) is maintained in a range between field capacity and 40% depletion.
The deficit irrigation management strategy focuses on correctly timing the application of a restricted quantity of water both within the growing season as well as over a several year period.
“The intent is to stabilize yields between years by applying irrigation based on soil-water depletions. In wetter years less water will be applied and in drier years years, more water will be applied, with the average over the years equaling the quantity of water available,” Melvin said.
Tour schedule
For more information on one of the irrigation tours listed below, contact your extension educator or Melvin. For more information about the Republican River Basin Irrigation Management Project, contact Melvin at (308) 367-4424 or smelvin2@unl.edu.
Holdrege — Tuesday, August 17, 6 p.m. Location: southeast edge of Holdrege. Go south on Lincoln St. (the street on the east side of the Extension Office/fairgrounds that goes under the railroad tracks as you turn south off of Highway 6 toward the east side of town) to 13th St., and turn east on 13th. The plot is one-half mile east on the north side.
Holbrook — Wednesday, August 18. Location: Program begins at 6 p.m. at the Holbrook City Park. Tour starts at 7 p.m. and is located from the east edge of Holbrook on Highway 6/34, one-half mile north on county road. The plot is on the west side of the road.
Benkelman — Tuesday, August 24, 7 p.m. (MT) Location: 12 miles north of Benkelman on Highway 61 or 14 miles south of the intersection of Highway 6 & 61 (turn at Alsbury sign) and four miles west to the intersection of 718 Rd 334 Ave. Turn south and the plot is one-fourth mile down, on the east side.
Madrid — Thursday, August 26, 7 p.m. (MT) Location: five miles west of Elsie or one-and-one-half miles east of Madrid on Highway 23 and three miles south to the intersection of 759 Rd 340 Ave. The plot is on the west side of the road.
Quad-county field day features variety trials,
on-farm producer research
On-farm producer research projects and a corn variety trial will be featured at this year’s Greater Quad Counties On-farm Research Group Field Day August 25. The program will begin with a free lunch at noon at the Troy Otte farm southeast of Grafton and conclude about 1:30 p.m.
Contacts
August farm tours feature water-saving strategies
Following several years of dry weather and with water restrictions looming, getting the most from every inch of available water is a prime goal for many irrigators in southwest Nebraska. To help them succeed, a University of Nebraska program, the Republican River Basin Irrigation Management Project, was initiated in one of the geographic areas hit hardest by recent lean water years.
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