University of Nebraska Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources Cooperative Extension


This week the Nebraska Agricultural Statistics Service predicted that the 2004 corn and soybean production will be the second highest on record.
(Photo by Brett Hampton)

August 13, 2004

Insect Management
Continue active soybean aphid watch
Rootworm injury reported in first-year corn in NE Nebraska
Spider mite season returns
Corn Production
What's the corn yield potential for 2004?
Features of the Hybrid-Maize simulation software
USDA: Nebraska 2004 corn and soybean production second highest
Hybrid-Maize -- take it for a spin
Hybrid-Maize – A new simulation and management tool for corn
Irrigation Management
Water options in western NE improve
Ag Programs/Resources/Updates
Ag briefs/Field updates
No-till on the Plains sweeps into Nebraska Aug. 24, 25
Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory open house Aug. 25
Auto-steer demonstration to follow Dry Bean Field Day Aug. 24
Precision Farming Training Aug. 26
Sugarbeet Research and Demonstration Tours
August farm tours feature water-saving strategies
No-till field day Aug. 20 at Holdrege
Order publications, software on-line
Field day features variety trials, on-farm research
Solution Days offers the how-to's on increasing efficiency
Events calendar
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Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory open house Aug. 25

The fifth annual University of Nebraska Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory Open House, scheduled for Aug. 25, will feature activities and commercial exhibits geared toward rangeland management and the beef cattle industry.

Topics will include ranch management during drought, animal identification, heifer development, herd health, new EPDs for the beef industry, cattle inventory and markets, international trade, biosecurity, and protein supplements during winter grazing.

"The day's activities are designed so producers can come and go throughout the day," said Don Adams, beef range systems specialist, acting director of the University of Nebraska West Central Research and Extension Center at North Platte.

Gudmundsen is three miles north and five miles east of Whitman. Registration will begin at 8:30 a.m. MDT, with activities scheduled through 4 p.m. For a complete schedule, visit the Gudmundsen Web site at http://westcentral.unl.edu/gsl/. The program is available free to the public but the registration deadline has passed for the complimentary lunch. Please call (800) 657-2113; (308) 532-3611, ext. 124; or e-mail at eheil@unlnotes.unl.edu to check on lunch availability.

Gudmundsen, formerly known as the Rafter C Ranch, was donated by Elmer "Pete" and Abbie Gudmundsen to the NU Foundation in 1978 with the desired purpose "to improve, advance and support agriculture in the state of Nebraska in ways that have relevance to the Sandhills area of the state through added research, improved teaching and continuing education and service to the agricultural industry."


No-till on the Plains sweeps into Nebraska Aug. 24, 25

No-till on the Plains will be conducting its 2004 Whirlwind Tour and Expo this week at several Nebraska sites. No-Till on the Plains, Inc., of Wamego, Kansas is a partnership of farmers, agribusinesses, associations, and state and federal agencies committed to increasing the adoption of cropping systems that enhance soil and water quality and economic potential. The organization is devoted to educating farmers about how to develop economically, agronomically, and environmentally sound crop production systems with no-till farming techniques.

The group host tours and field days in Kansas and throughout the Great Plains. This week’s Nebraska tours are scheduled for:

The program will include a rainfall simulator demonstration, soil pit demonstration and discussion and presentations on soil structure changes, rotations, and seeding attachments and equipment for no-till crop production. Speakers will include: Ray Ward, Ward Ag Lab in Kearney; Paul Jasa, UNL Extension Engineer, Greg Scott, USDA NRCS soil scientist in Oklahoma; Bud Davis, conservation agronomist with the USDA NRCS in Kansas, Bob Klein, UNL Extension Cropping Systems Specialist, West Central REC, and experienced no-till farmers who will share their experiences.

Registration is $50. For more information about the program or to register, visit the organization Web site at http://www.notill.org/bus_tours/ww_04/whirlwind_04.htm


Auto-steer demonstration to follow dry bean field tour Aug. 24

Learn more about one of the newest technologies in agricultural equipment for production agriculture — automated guidance systems -- at this year’s Nebraska Dry Bean Field Day and demonstration.

The day will begin at 9:30 a.m. this Tuesday, August 24, in Scottsbluff at the Panhandle Research and Extension Center auditorium with a report on the status and marketing of the 2004 dry edible bean crop. At 10 a.m., participants will begins will take tours to various research plots focusing on bean varieties, yield trials, plant diseases, management techniques, direct harvest and, of course, irrigation. Following a noon lunch, there will be a tour of three field demonstration sites where sub-inch accuracy auto-steer systems will be shown.

Three local machinery dealerships will have tractors equipped with sub-inch, GPS-based, auto- steer systems. Factory representatives will explain how each system works and what equipment is needed. Each system will be demonstrated in the field by driving several parallel paths to show the sub-inch repeatability. After all three systems have been demonstrated, representatives will be available to answer individual questions and to provide individual, hands-on, demonstrations.

Companies and equipment that will be represented include:

For more information contact John Smith, UNL Extension engineer at the Panhandle REC, at 308-632-1247.


Sugarbeet Research and Demonstration Tours

Late season weed control management and nematode resistant varieties will be two focus topics of the 2004 Sugarbeet PROFIT field tours on August 26. This year there will be two tours -- the Box Butte County tour will begin at 10 a.m. and the Scottsbluff County tour will begin at 4 p.m.

The Box Butte County Tour will begin at the Albert Benzel and Son’s field at the corner of Madison Road and County Road 61 where three late season weed control techniques will be demonstrated. From there the tour will travel to the Norm Nuss field to observe Aphanomyces Control demonstration strips, and then to Mark Kimmel’s field for another late season weed control demonstration, including a weed clipper. The Box Butte County tour will end with lunch at Leonard Green’s at 5831 Knox Road.

The Scottsbluff County Tour will begin at 4:00 pm at the Keller Brother’s field 1/4 mile west of Haig School on highway 92 to see a nematode resistant variety demonstration. From there the tour will travel to one of Mike John fields for another nematode demonstration and then on to a late season weed management demonstration at Stan and Dean Schaneman’s pivot near the Scottsbluff Country Club on Highway 71. The tour will return to the University of Nebraska Panhandle Center to tour sugarbeet research including sugarbeet root aphid control, new weed control systems in sugarbeets, mid-season water stress in sugarbeets, and biological control of root diseases in sugarbeets. The tour will conclude with a meal provided by Western Sugar Cooperative.

For more information about the tours, please contact Keith Flint at the University of Nebraska Panhandle Research and Extension Center at 308-641-5112.


Precision Farming Training Aug. 26

UNL Precision Farming and Management Technologies Training will be this Thursday, August 26, at the Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The program is targeted to individuals considering implementing precision agriculture technologies or just beginning to use them. Topics will include: precision agriculture overview; yield monitor basics; Global Positioning Systems (GPS); establishing your farm’s Geographic Information Systems (GIS); and the economics and dollars and cents of precision ag production. Presenters will include: Viacheslav Adamchuk, NU Extension Precision Agriculture Engineer; Richard Ferguson, NU Extension Soils Specialist; Jerry Mulliken, Independent Crop Consultant; and Dave Varner, NU Extension Educator For more details or to register, see the ARDC Web site at http://ardc.unl.edu/2004CMDCprecision.htm.


Continue active soybean aphid watch

It is critical that farmers and consultants monitor soybean aphid populations, particularly during the next two weeks. Soybean aphids can be found in most Nebraska soybean fields and in every field in northeast Nebraska. Many fields range from 20-50 aphids per plant, but quite a few have more. My personal high count so far is about 525 aphids per plant (field average) in Dodge County. Temperatures are expected to be relatively mild for the next week, so I do not expect aphid populations to decline unless natural enemies (e.g. lady beetles and parasitic wasps) get a good foothold. Try to scout fields at least twice a week.

Soybean aphids on the stem and leaf of a soybean plant at the Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead. See Ag Briefs/Field Updates for county reports of insect activity.
(Photo courtesy of Larry Schulze, UNL)
The threshold for soybean from late vegetative stages up through R4 (full pod) is 250 aphids per plant (field average) and populations are increasing. Thresholds for R5-R6 (beginning seed to full seed) have yet to be determined, but are likely in the 500-1000 aphids per plant range. Yield response to treatment has been documented during R5 and early R6, but not as consistently as when treatment occurs during R4 or earlier. Treatment after R6 has not been found to increase yields.

Some economic thresholds being circulated for soybean aphid are much lower than what we recommend. We feel that the threshold of 250 aphids per plant with increasing populations is much more realistic and still gives growers about a week to spray the field before economic damage occurs. This also allows time for weather and natural enemies to help slow the population increase. The last two seasons populations naturally started decreasing in mid to late August.

The lower threshold numbers being used by some are based on some preliminary data. We feel these thresholds are not realistic and require more extensive research. Therefore, we strongly discourage treating for soybean aphids until the 250 per plant threshold is reached and populations are increasing. Soybean populations are expected to naturally decline sometime in late August to early September, but the timing of the decline is not known, so stay vigilant.

Tom Hunt
Extension Entomologist
Haskell Ag Lab, NEREC

Keith Jarvi
Extension IPM, NEREC


Take it for a spin

A trial version of the Hybrid-Maize modeling software is available at http://www.hybridmaize.unl.edu It has all functions of the full version, but works only with the two weather data files included. The Web site also contains some updated publications and presentations related to the hybrid-maize modeling software.

What’s the corn yield potential for 2004?

The answer may be just a click away

Accurate forecasting of expected yields and total corn production is important to both producers and the corn industry. Variations in weather conditions, soils, and the availability of irrigation water can cause yields to fluctuate significantly from one year to the next, making it difficult to develop timely and reliable yield predictions and make mid-season adjustments.

The Hybrid-Maize Simulation Model — a new software product developed by the UNL Department of Agronomy and Horticulture — can be used at different stages of the growing season to predict yield potential. These predictions can be used to aid in monitoring crops, making in-season adjustments to crop management, evaluating the risks and effects of drought, and planning marketing strategies.

To use Hybrid-Maize, real-time weather data for a given site are downloaded from the Automated Weather Data Network (AWDN) of the High Plains Regional Climate Center (HPRCC) at UNL. For practical purposes, in-season updates can be downloaded about once a week, using the closest weather station. Hybrid-Maize users provide field-specific information on date of planting, hybrid grown (GDD from emergence to maturity), plant population, irrigation dates and amounts, and soil type. Users also can edit the weather data file by adding their own location-specific rainfall records. Based on this information, Hybrid-Maize simulates corn growth until the date during the growing season on which a forecast is to be made.

Figure 1. Time course of real-time predictions of corn yield potential at Clay Center from May 1 to August 3, 2004. Actual and long-term weather records were used to do yield forecasts at weekly intervals. The prediction assumes that irrigated corn is grown under optimal conditions, i.e., with full irrigation and no limitations due to nutrients or pests. A corn hybrid with GDD 2700 was planted on May 1.
Figure 2. Predicted corn yield potential in 2004 for key corn growing areas in Nebraska. Actual and long-term weather records for each site were used to make yield forecasts as of August 3, 2004. Those predictions are compared with the 2003 simulation and the long-term median.

Click on graphic to link to larger version.

For predicting the final yield from that point forward to crop maturity, the model uses long-term weather records for that site to simulate all possible growth scenarios for the remainder of the growing season. Because the forecasts are based on historical weather data that include wet and dry years as well as favorable and nonfavorable growing seasons, the predictions from this forecasting system include the full range of possible yield outcomes, the most likely yield range (within 25-75% of all scenarios) and a median predicted yield. Those values can then be compared with the long-term median and the previous year. Because the model is sensitive to temperature and water availability, including rainfall and irrigation, predictions improve as the season progresses and more of the record can be based on actual weather data.

The Hybrid-Maize User Manual provides a detailed description of how to make in-season yield forecasts. Figure 1 shows an example of in-season predictions of corn yield potential at Clay Center for the 2004 growing season. We have assumed an average planting date of May 1, a hybrid that requires 2700 GDD from emergence to maturity (about a 112-day relative maturity), and a final stand of 30,000 plants per acre. Silking was predicted to occur on July 19 and the crop is currently approaching milk stage (R3). Long-term weather records (1982 to 2003) suggest an average yield potential of 262 bu/ac for these planting conditions. So far, weather was favorable and growth in the 2004 growing season has been slightly above the long-term median. The latest yield forecast sug-gests a final median yield of 272 bu/ac, with a most likely range (from 25-75% of all forecasts made) of 252 to 295 bu/ac.

Experience from our research studies suggest that the median yield forecasted at this growth stage is often very close to the actual yield; however, these numbers also mean that there is still a 25% chance that the yield potential is less than 252 bu/ac and a 25% chance that it is more than 295 bu/ac. The latter will be the case if cooler weather prevails during grain fill. It is important to continue monitoring the crop to make sure that sufficient water is supplied during grain fill. Note, however, that this yield forecast represents the yield potential, which is usually higher than actual field level yield. Other factors, such as pests, soil and management practices, also can affect yields.

Figure 2 shows in-season predictions of corn yield potential for key locations in Nebraska, as of August 3, 2004. For all locations, we have assumed an average planting date of May 1 and a population of 30,000 plants per acre. Furthermore, for each location we have assumed that hybrids with a suitable maturity rating are grown, ranging from 2200 GDD at Alliance to 2700 GDD in south central and southeast Nebraska (Table 1). All predictions assume that irrigated corn is grown under optimal conditions, i.e., with full irrigation and no nutrient or pest problems.

As can be seen from this, corn yield potential is high in 2004 compared to last year as well as compared to the long-term median. At most sites, we can expect that the yield potential is about 10 to 30 bu/ac higher than in a normal year and also higher than last year. Actual yields will obviously be less and differ more widely due to field-specific differences in planting date, hybrid, plant population, soil, irrigation, nutrient supply, and other crop management factors. Nevertheless, the conditions are excellent for a bumper corn harvest, provided that August stays relatively cool.

Haishun Yang
UNL Research Assistant Professor
Department of Agronomy & Horticulture

Achim Dobermann
Extension Soil Fertility/Nutrient Management Specialist

Table 1. Yield in bushels per acre predicted for specific Nebraska sites for 2004 and simulated for 2003 using the same settings for each site.

SiteGDD
Long-term
2003
2004 yield forecast
median
Median
75%25%

Alliance2200
203
197
214
233189
Beatrice2700
246
240
254
264237
Champion2600
249
244
280
300250
Clay Center2700
262
310
273
295252
Concord2520
255
270
260
287253
Lexington2700
266
236
272
290248
McCook2650
246
217
248
270225
Mead2700
253
260
265
276250
North Platte2550
246
238
266
274239
O’Neil2400
220
217
256
269226
Shelton2700
272
287
281
298277

Hybrid-Maize – A new simulation tool for corn producers and crop consultants

Hybrid-Maize is a user-friendly computer program that simulates the growth and yield of corn under non-limiting or water-limited (i.e. irrigated or rainfed) conditions based on daily weather data. This software is the result of a long-term interdisciplinary research program in the UNL Department of Agronomy and Horticulture to understand corn and soybean yield potential. The purpose of this simulation model is to allow maize producers, crop consultants, and researchers to hypothetically explore the impact of weather and management changes on crop performance so that they might better understand site yield potential, year-to-year variation in yield potential, and possible management options that affect yield and yield stability. As with all modern decision aids, Hybrid-Maize represents a simplification of the 'real-world' system and, as such, its predictions may differ from actual outcomes. So far, Hybrid-Maize has been evaluated primarily in rainfed and irrigated corn systems in the U.S. Corn Belt, where it has shown great potential for predicting corn growth and yields.

Hybrid-Maize provides user-friendly screen options for inputting data and accessing the results of the modeling simulation.
Hybrid-Maize allows users to:

The software does not yet allow assessment of different options for nutrient management nor does it account for yield losses due to weeds, insects, diseases, lodging, and other stresses. Hybrid- Maize allows utilizing real-time and long-term weather that are available to many producers in Nebraska through the online subscription services of the
High Plains Regional Climate Center. Through the HPRRC, daily weather data can be directly accessed for numerous locations in Nebraska and neighboring states (see a map of locations at (http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/awdn/awdn_station_loc.html).

For more information visit the Hybrid-Maize Model Web or email Haishun Yang, one of the project authors, at hyang2@unl.edu.


USDA: Nebraska 2004 corn and soybean production second highest

Based on August 1 conditions, Nebraska's 2004 corn crop is forecast at 1.22 billion bushels, 9% above 2003, and the second highest of record, according to an Aug. 12 report from USDA's Nebraska Agricultural Statistics Service. Acreage to be harvested for grain remained unchanged at 7.9 million acres, up 3% from last year. Average yield is forecast at a record 155 bushels per acre, 9 bushels above last year's crop and 8 bushels above the previous high set in 2001.

"Early planting and adequate rainfall across most of Nebraska's dryland growing areas combined with mild temperatures have boosted crop prospects well above last year," said Mark Harris director of Nebraska Agricultural Statistics Service. Harris also noted, "Corn, oats and hay yields are all forecast at record high levels."

Soybean production in Nebraska is forecast at 216 million bushels, 20% above last year and second highest on record behind 2001. Acres for harvest, at 4.7 million, are second highest on record. Yield is forecast at 46 bushels per acre, up 6 bushels from 2003 and second highest on record behind 1994. Nebraska's 2004 winter wheat crop is forecast at 57.6 million bushels, unchanged from last month's forecast, but 31% below last year's crop. Acreage for grain, at 1.8 million, is unchanged from last month. Average yield is forecast at 32 bushels per acre, unchanged from last month, but 14 bushels below last year.

Sorghum yield is forecast at 85 bushels per acre, up 23 bushels from last year. Production is forecast at 35.7 million bushels. Dry edible bean production, at 1.93 million cwt., is down 39% from last year. Oat yield is forecast at a record high 77 bushels per acre. Production forecast is at 3.85 million bushels, down 41% from 2003 due to fewer acres. Sugarbeet production of 960 thousand tons is up 11% from 2003. Alfalfa hay production is forecast at 4.75 million tons, down 9% from last year, and all other hay production is down 2%. Fewer acres expected to be harvested more than offset record high yields for alfalfa and all other hay.

USDA Nebraska Agricultural Statistics Service


Select Extension pubs now available for online ordering

On-line, credit card ordering for several Cooperative Extension products is now available from the American Distance Education Consortium (ADEC) Estore at estore.adec.edu. This on-line option is in addition to Extension’s more established “store fronts” for its information products: local Cooperative Extension offices, the Cooperative Extension Publications Warehouse and the Extension Publications Web site.

The ADEC Estore offers UNL software for sale by download only or for download or CD. UNL products on the ADEC Estore site are:


Rootworm injury reported in first-year corn in NE Nebraska

This summer several people in northeast Nebraska have reported corn rootworm feeding and injury in corn after soybeans. Although we have not confirmed this, it is likely due to extended diapause in northern corn rootworm eggs. This has been seen in the past in Nebraska. Eggs with the extended diapause trait can survive for two winters in the soil; in corn-soybean-corn rotation this results in injury in corn after soybeans.

Western corn rootworm beetle
Reports indicate that fields in Dodge, Colfax, Saunders, Butler and Washington counties have this injury. Lance Meinke, UNL professor of entomology, also reports seeing northern corn rootworm emergence from plots of corn after soybeans in a study at the ARDC near Mead. (His study was designed to measure emergence of western corn rootworms from plants artificially infested with eggs.)

Like western corn rootworms, northern corn rootworm numbers vary from year to year due to winter weather conditions and cropping patterns in a region, among other factors. Relatively mild winters the last several years may have allowed northern corn rootworms to increase in numbers, and areas using a corn-soybean-corn rotation may have favored the extended diapause trait.

If you suspect that you have rotated corn fields with injury from rootworm larval feeding, it is important to dig a few roots to confirm that the damage is caused by rootworms. Not all lodging or leaning is necessarily due to rootworm injury. Rootworm feeding injury causes root pruning; when severe, the equivalent of one or more nodes of roots may be pruned back close to the stalk. It is important to fully wash the roots to evaluate damage. At this time the plants may have recovered somewhat from injury by growing new roots which may hide the old injury behind them.

Root damage from rootworm feeding can be rated using the Iowa 1-6 injury rating system (see NebGuide G92-1108, Evaluating Corn Rootworm Soil Insecticide Performance). Dig at least 10 randomly selected plants from several areas of a field. Leave a 9-inch cube of soil surrounding the root system, wash the roots to remove soil and rate each plant for injury using the rating scale.

The relationship between root injury rating and yield loss is complex, but usually a root injury rating of 3 or more on the 1-6 scale is needed to cause economic yield loss. The corn plant has the capacity to regrow roots and compensate for some early season injury, especially if soil moisture and fertility are adequate during the regrowth period. Several weeks have passed between the end of rootworm injury and the time of root rating, and new root growth may hide the injury. Examine roots carefully to accurately rate them. An alternative method to evaluate root injury has been developed at Iowa State University and is gaining acceptance. It is based on a 0-3 scale. This system was developed to avoid some of the perceived problems with the traditional 1-6 scale, including that the 1-6 scale is not linear (e.g., a rating of 4 does not represent twice as much injury as a rating of 2), and that the 1-6 scale is difficult to explain. The 0-3 scale is linear and the meaning of the injury values are easy to understand. Another potential advantage to the 0-3 scale is that it is more sensitive in detecting differences at low levels of injury compared to the 1-6 scale. This is particularly important in some research applications.

In this scale 0 = no damage, 1 = one complete root node is pruned (as defined above), 2 = two complete root nodes are pruned, and 3 = 3 root nodes are pruned. Fractional ratings are possible, e.g. 1.5 = equivalent of 1.5 root nodes pruned. A description of the 0-3 rating system is available on an Iowa State University Web site.

If you have a confirmed history of economic damage from northern corn rootworm feeding in corn after soybeans, a planting time rootworm control may be warranted next year.

Additional information about northern and western corn rootworm biology and management is available from EC 1563, Corn Rootworm Management, available from your local Cooperative Extension office and on the Web at the UNL Entomology web site.

Bob Wright
Extension Entomologist


Spider mite season returns

We are reaching the time of year when spider mites may start causing damage in corn and soybeans. While we haven't received reports of any economically damaging infestations, current and projected weather conditions favor an increase in spider mite populations. Producers should be scouting fields and keeping a close eye out for spider mites.

Identifying the species

Twospotted spider mites (left) and Banks grass mites (right). Notice the difference in the pigment patterns between the two insects.
Banks grass mites, Oligonychus pratensis.
Twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae.

Two species of spider mites, the Banks grass mite and twospotted spider mite, commonly feed on Nebraska corn. Banks grass mites feed almost exclusively on grasses, including corn and sorghum. Twospotted spider mites not only feed on many species of grasses, but also on soybeans, fruit trees and a variety of vegetables and ornamental plants. Although these two species are somewhat similar in appearance, they differ in several biological characteristics and in their susceptibility to pesticides.

Banks grass mites usually appear earlier in the season, feed mostly on the lower leaves of the corn plant, and in Nebraska are moderately susceptible to many of the commonly used miticides. On the other hand, twospotted spider mites tend to appear in mid to late season, increase rapidly, feed over the entire plant, and often are not consistently controlled by available pesticides. The most useful characteristics for identification are the overall shape of the body and the pattern of pigmentation spots on the back (see figure). The dark green spots on both species are caused by food particles that accumulate in their gut. Because of differences in gut structure, these pigment spots accumulate in slightly different patterns. In Banks grass mites the pigments accumulate along both edges of the body near the rear and along the sides of the body. In twospotted spider mites, the pigments accumulate along the sides of the body in two distinct spots and do not extend back more than halfway on the body. The Banks grass mite is also slightly less robust than the twospotted spider mite and is slightly flatter from top to bottom.

Mites damage crops by piercing plant cells with their mouthparts and sucking the plant juices. The first evidence of mite feeding, which can usually be seen on the top of the leaf, is a yellow or whitish spotting of the leaf tissues in areas where the mites are feeding on the lower leaf surface. Because many other things can cause similar discoloration, it is important to check leaves closely to make sure mites are actually causing the damage. Leaf discoloration caused by mite feeding can be easily identified by checking the undersurface of leaves for the presence of mites, eggs and webbing. Both Banks grass mites and twospotted spider mites produce webbing, and a fine network of silken webs will likely be associated with mite colonies. A magnifying glass or 10X hand lens is helpful in examining plants for mites.

Management

The economic injury level indicated in the table provides a method for deciding when to treat, taking into account the value of corn. This table works for both twospotted spider mites and Banks grass mites. The first row refers to the expected value of the crop ($/acre), determined by multiplying the expected yield (bu/acre), by the expected crop price ($/bu). For example, if the expected yield is 200 bu/acre and the expected price is $1.50/bu, then the value per acre is $300.

Deciding whether to treat involves two steps. First, determine the percentage of leaves infested with mites (an infested leaf has one or more live mites). Compare that number with the first number in the table. If the field average is less than the table value, you don't need to treat, but do continue to monitor the field. If the field average exceeds the table value, then estimate the percentage of total leaf area damaged by mites. If the field average exceeds the table value, it is likely that treating for spider mites will increase yield above the cost of treatment.

Also, note that control costs are a factor in this table. Depending on the product chosen, the critical values may change greatly. For example, under the column $300 market value, the critical value for percent infested leaves varies from 20%, if control costs are $10, to 49% if control costs are $25.

Products labeled for spider mite control on corn include dimethoate (several formulations), Comite 6.55EC and Capture 2EC. Dimethoate has performed reasonably well in Nebraska against Banks grass mites, but not twospotted spider mites. If twospotted spider mites are present, either Comite or Capture would provide better control. See the Department of Entomology web site on spider mite control or product labels for specific rates and restrictions. With the exception of Comite, pesticides do not kill mite eggs, and there is a possibility of re-infestation of the fields as eggs hatch out. Since many of their natural enemies were probably killed by the initial pesticide application, these populations may build up rather quickly and should be monitored carefully. Corn is unlikely to benefit from treatment for spider mites after the dent stage.

Twospotted spider mites also may develop on soybeans. No research has been conducted that would allow calculation of an economic injury level for twospotted spider mites on soybeans. Iowa State University Extension specialists have suggested that control may be warranted when infested plants have substantial spotting or leaf yellowing and live mites, but before mites cause browning and leaf drop. Damage from mites may be confused with that caused by drought and several foliar diseases, so be sure to base treatment decisions on the presence of mites, rather than just apparent injury symptoms.

Fields may be spot treated if the infestation is localized, but check other areas for mites (especially downwind of infestation) and extend treatments into these areas if large numbers of mites are found. Although late season infestations may accelerate soybean senescence and increase pod shattering, use caution when evaluating whether to treat with pesticides because many of the pesticides used for mite control have 21-28 day preharvest intervals

. Products to use in soybeans include dimethoate (several formulations) and Lorsban 4E at 0.5 to 1 pint per acre. See the NU Department of Entomology web site or product labels for specific rates and restrictions. For more information see the UNL Cooperative Extension publication, Spider Mite Management in Corn and Soybeans, G1167.

Bob Wright
Extension Entomologist
South Central Ag Laboratory

Table I. Economic injury level for the Banks grass mite or twospotted spider mite on corn, based on the percentage of infested leaves per plant and percentage of total leaf area damaged.

Control cost/acre
Market value per acre ($)
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Percent infested leaves per plant/Percent of total leaf area damaged

$5
15/8 12/6 10/5 8/5 7/4 7/3 6/3 5/6 5/3 5/2 4/2
$10
29/16 24/13 20/10 17/9 15/8 13/7 12/6 11/6 10/5 9/5 8/4
$15
44/23 35/19 29/16 25/13 22/12 20/10 18/9 16/9 15/8 14/7 13/7
$20
59/31 47/25 39/21 34/18 29/16 26/14 24/13 21/11 20/10 18/10 17/9
$25
74/39 59/31 49/26 42/22 37/20 33/17 29/16 27/14 25/13 23/12 21/11


Irrigation water outlook improves in western NE

Irrigators in the North Platte Valley of western Nebraska received a bit of good news from the irrigation districts last week. Water supplies are expected to last a little longer than what was earlier projected, primarly due to two factors. First, there has been some rain which helped increase the flow of water into the system. Second, canal delivery efficiencies have been better this year. Canals normally operate in the 50-65% efficiency range, but this year one of the big canals peaked at 72%. The reason for the improvement is not really known, but this definitely allowed diversions to be limited. Current plans call for water to run out around August 20-25 for most districts.

Crop condition in the region varies. Crops that were severely stressed early in the season are having a hard time developing properly. An early frost may hit before some of these crops mature. This demonstrates the importance of having adequate soil water early in the plant growth cycle. Those crops that received water and were allowed to develop normally early in the season, should be able to reach maturity, given a little bit of added precipitation during late August and September.

Some valley fields can be irrigated from irrigation wells, while a significant amount of the 400,000 acres in the valley will have to rely on mother nature for finishing out the crop.

North and south in the Panhandle crops generally show a little more uniformity in their growth pattern. This is partially due to a little higher frequency of rain during the spring and summer. Unfortunately, hail was a part of some summer storms. Areas reporting hail in the last few weeks include Sidney, Kimball, and areas around Alliance, Bridgeport and Minatare. Although the areas reporting hail are somewhat localized, the degree of damage has been significant.

C. Dean Yonts
Extension Irrigation Specialist
Panhandle REC


Ag briefs/Field updates

Events calendar

For more information on individual events, link to the CropWatch Events page or previous stories on these events.

August

Gary Zoubek, Extension Educator based in York County: Soybean aphids have been showing up in many soybean fields the past week. Numbers have ranged from very few to over 1,500 per plant in various fields. Several fields have been treated and many are being monitored closely. We received a little rain Saturday night, but the dryland fields need more rain.

F. John Hay, Extension Educator based in Pierce, Madison and Wayne counties: Rain is scarce. We received 3/10 inch Saturday night, but not enough to bring back the dryland corn on sand. Pivot corners and dryland fields planted to sandy soils are hurting for moisture, yet heavier textured fields are still holding up and looking good. Pivots have been running steadily for the past couple weeks on both corn and beans. Soybean aphids exist in most all fields in Madison, Wayne and Pierce counties with numbers generally low at 1-20 aphids per plant, although some areas have had larger numbers of 100-300 aphids per plant. I’ve heard that five to six fields have already been sprayed for aphids.

Andy Christiansen, Extension Educator based in Hamilton County: A large number of acres in this area have been treated for soybean aphid. Many acres are being treated before reaching the threshold of 250 aphids per plant; I have heard reports of some fields with several hundred aphids per plant. I’ve also received reports of spider mites in some fields, but am not aware of any being treated. Late corn needs to be scouted for European corn borer this week.

Jim Peterson, Extension Educator based in Washington County: Crops here are in excellent condition, but slightly behind normal in development. Timely rains have really benefitted the crop with the possible exception of alfalfa, where the rain has complicated harvest. Many farmers are finding soybean aphids but generally numbers have not been great. There have been reports of some fields in northwest Washington County being sprayed.

Tom Dorn, Extension Educator based in Lancaster County: I continue to find soybean aphids in every soybean field I look at, but, (to my surprise given the cooler temperatures), aphid populations are about steady with last week. Beans are in late stage R4 to mid stage R5. I think we are nearing the point where treatment may not be warranted in most fields, given present aphid numbers and the growth stage. Corn is in the dough to hard dough stage. Dryland fields of beans, corn and grain sorghum are showing drought symptoms; we need rain soon to achieve the yield potential we have at present.

Duane Lienemann, Extension Educator based in Webster and Clay counties: I have not seen any soybean aphids in Webster County, but Jennifer Fleer, Extension Educator in Clay County, has found some there. I am seeing a lot of corn leaf aphids and some fields are thick with them. We’re seeing minor levels of soybean leaf beetle activity. Of more concern is the lack of moisture at this critical juncture. Corn, beans and even some grain sorghum on pivot corners and turn rows are turning brown and dying.

Pastures seem to be in pretty good shape with fair grass growth; however, I have never seen so much common mullein. Several pastures in south central Nebraska and in particular in Webster and Franklin counties have countless numbers of this pest. With each plant able to produce more than 100,000 seeds and those seeds living 35-100 years in the soil, this could be a developing problem. Several farmers have not had much luck spraying the plant for control this late spring and summer and many are shredding the worst areas and think they will need to use Tordon this fall on those areas. There are also a lot of other weeds, including ironweed and ragweed, maturing in the overgrazed pastures.

I also have noted a lot of bare spots in pastures and more rodents than I can recall. We had some timely rains early that really helped, but we are in critical need now in all dryland and rangeland concerns. Irrigation has been constant for about 60 days and irrigators are becoming concerned about their fuel bills. This cool weather is nice but cause some problems for late planted or replanted beans and corn as the growing season comes ever closer to an end.

Ralph Kulm, Extension Educator based in Holt County: Irrigated crops look good. Corn borer and western bean cutworm have not been serious problems and bean leaf beetles and soybean aphids have not yet become a problem. Crop development is a little behind normal, but this shouldn’t be too much of a problem unless we have an early frost. Irrigators are glad to have some cooler weather so they can relax a little from the non-stop pumping needed during the hot weather. The outlook for dryland crops, however, is much different. They are in very bad condition and producers are starting to cut dryland corn for silage as much of it has very little chance of maturing further and is drying up. Third cutting alfalfa will be minimal to nonexistant without significant rainfall.


Quad-county field day features variety trials, on-farm producer research

On-farm producer research projects and a corn variety trial will be featured at this year’s Greater Quad Counties On-farm Research Group Field Day August 25. The program will begin with a free lunch at noon at the Troy Otte farm southeast of Grafton and conclude about 1:30 p.m.

Focus projects

One of the featured research projects is a study of green stem in soybeans. Green stem is a condition where the crop is mature with dry seed ready for harvest, but the stems are green, complicating combining. Extension Educator Jenny Fleer will discuss the screening study and possible role of bean pod mottle virus in green stem. Extension Educator Andrew Christiansen will address the cost of harvesting overly dry soybeans.

Another research project, being conducted on five farms in three counties, compares yields for varieties under normal and low populations. One of the comparison varieties is advertised as having prolific genetics which allow high production under low populations. Extension Educator Terry Hejny will discuss this research.

Several studies in recent years have addressed the role of nitrogen in soybean production, particularly related to mid-season application and how to give proper credit for corn following beans. Extension Educator Gary Zoubek will provide an update on research and on-farm studies of these issues. Roger Elmore, Extension cropping systems specialist, will address corn variety trial data and timely access of the data via the internet. The UNL south central off-station variety trial is on the Otte farm. Dan Leininger of the Upper Big Blue Natural Resource District will provide an update on the NRD irrigation study south of York.

The Quad Counties On-farm Research Group was started in 1998 to provide producers an opportunity to test and demonstrate University of Nebraska recommendations in local “real field” situations. From fertilizer rates to irrigation costs and from planting speeds and dates to insecticide treatments, the trials let farmers assess results of tests in typical farm production situations, compare information, and improve production decisions.

Site directions

From the east edge of Grafton (on Highway 6), turn south on Road 7, travel south two miles and turn left on Road H and proceed one-half mile east.
From Clay Center on Highway 41 traveling east, turn left on Road 7 (Grafton road) and travel north five miles, turn right on Road H and proceed one-half mile east.
From Geneva on Highway 41 traveling west, turn right on Road 7 (Grafton road) and travel north five miles, turn right on Road H and proceed one-half mile east.

Contacts

For more information, contact one of the following Extension educators: Andrew Christiansen, 694-6174; Gary Zoubek, 362-5508; Jennifer Fleer, 762-3644; or Terry Hejny, 759-3712.


August farm tours feature water-saving strategies

Following several years of dry weather and with water restrictions looming, getting the most from every inch of available water is a prime goal for many irrigators in southwest Nebraska. To help them succeed, a University of Nebraska program, the Republican River Basin Irrigation Management Project, was initiated in one of the geographic areas hit hardest by recent lean water years.

The program’s primary focus is to demonstrate research-based irrigation management strategies in farmer fields, providing “hands-on” practical information on how farmers and consultants can implement these practices locally. For Steve Melvin, program coordinator and extension educator based in Frontier County, a key goal of the program “is to make irrigation scheduling and management as easy as keeping fuel in the tank using the fuel gauge.”

A series of Irrigation Demonstration Project producer farm tours will showcase corn irrigated using three strategies — fully watered, water miser, and deficit irrigation. Program presentations also will address 15 water-conserving ideas, how time of application and amount of water applied affects crop yield, and yield affects of skip-row planted corn.

Fully watered, the traditional best management practice irrigation management strategy focuses on keeping soil-water at a high enough level to prevent moisture stress from being a yield-limiting factor, said Melvin. The goal of the strategy is to maintain the plant available soil-water (in the active root zone) between field capacity and 50% depletion from planting through maturity.

“The water miser irrigation management strategy focuses on saving water during the less sensitive vegetative growth stages and fully watering during the critical reproductive growth stages,” Melvin said.

Irrigation is delayed until about two weeks before tassel emergence for corn unless soil-water becomes 70% depleted (in the active root zone). Once the crop reaches the reproductive growth stage the plant available soil-water (in the active root zone) is maintained in a range between field capacity and 40% depletion. The deficit irrigation management strategy focuses on correctly timing the application of a restricted quantity of water both within the growing season as well as over a several year period.

“The intent is to stabilize yields between years by applying irrigation based on soil-water depletions. In wetter years less water will be applied and in drier years years, more water will be applied, with the average over the years equaling the quantity of water available,” Melvin said.

Tour schedule

For more information on one of the irrigation tours listed below, contact your extension educator or Melvin. For more information about the Republican River Basin Irrigation Management Project, contact Melvin at (308) 367-4424 or smelvin2@unl.edu.

Holdrege — Tuesday, August 17, 6 p.m. Location: southeast edge of Holdrege. Go south on Lincoln St. (the street on the east side of the Extension Office/fairgrounds that goes under the railroad tracks as you turn south off of Highway 6 toward the east side of town) to 13th St., and turn east on 13th. The plot is one-half mile east on the north side.

Holbrook — Wednesday, August 18. Location: Program begins at 6 p.m. at the Holbrook City Park. Tour starts at 7 p.m. and is located from the east edge of Holbrook on Highway 6/34, one-half mile north on county road. The plot is on the west side of the road.

Benkelman — Tuesday, August 24, 7 p.m. (MT) Location: 12 miles north of Benkelman on Highway 61 or 14 miles south of the intersection of Highway 6 & 61 (turn at Alsbury sign) and four miles west to the intersection of 718 Rd 334 Ave. Turn south and the plot is one-fourth mile down, on the east side.

Madrid — Thursday, August 26, 7 p.m. (MT) Location: five miles west of Elsie or one-and-one-half miles east of Madrid on Highway 23 and three miles south to the intersection of 759 Rd 340 Ave. The plot is on the west side of the road.


No-till field day Aug. 20 at Holdrege

A Holdrege field day will feature information and tips on successfully transitioning to no-till crop production. Management Strategies for Successful No-Till Production will be held 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. Friday, August 20.

Tour topics will include: moisture savings with no-till, residue management and weed control, no-till planters, drills and attachments, and nutrient management. To attend the field day, from Holdrege on Highway 183 go two miles north of the Country Club. The site is on the west side of the road.

Cooperators include: Tri-Basin Natural Resource District, Central Nebraska Public Power Irrigation District, Agri-Coop, Fairbanks International, McClymont Implement, and Holdrege Area Chamber Ag Committee. Lunch will be provided and no-till equipment will be on display for viewing during the lunch time. To register for the field day, call (308) 995-4222.


Solution Days offers ‘how-to’s’on increasing efficiency, decreasing costs

Finding practical solutions to everyday agronomic questions is the goal of Solution Days 2004. The full program, which will be presented on both Sept. 1 and 2 near Goehner will help producers, farm managers and seed dealers learn how to work smarter, not harder, said Keith Glewen, University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension educator.

“Increasing efficiency while decreasing expenses and minimizing losses are key in succeeding in today’s ag marketplace,” Glewen said. “This event will offer realistic solutions for meeting the challenges of higher crop yields while keeping production costs economical.”

Topics include: solar radiation: timing and effects of radiation’s changes on yields and disease, soybean yield response to soil moisture, new technologies, and drip and sprinkler irrigation technology. Presenters include industry consultants and university specialists. The program is from 9 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. each day with in-field presentations.

Complimentary tickets are available from NK Brand Syngenta Seeds and the Nebraska Soybean Board. Participants are asked to bring their completed ticket panel to the field day to expedite registration. To get to the Solution Days site at the Syngenta Seeds Research farm near Goehner, take exit 373 on Interstate 80 and go one-fourth mile south.

For more information, call Glewen at (800) 529-8030, the Nebraska Soybean Board at (800) 852-BEAN, a local Syngenta Seeds representative or call (402) 420-6664, or visit the Solution Days 2004 Web site at http://ardc.unl.edu/solutiondays.htm.

Solution Days 2004 is sponsored by NK Brand Syngenta Seeds, the Nebraska Soybean Board and Nebraska Cooperative Extension in the university’s Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources.

Sandi S. Alswager
IANR News

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