Corn planting is underway. About 8.2 million acres of corn was expected to be planted in Nebraska in 2003, down 2% from last year but 1% above 2001, according to USDA’s Nebraska Agricultural Statistics Service. Photo by Brett Hampton

April 25, 2003

A larger obstacle to successfully seeding a summer crop into a destroyed wheat field may be herbicide residues in the soil. Many of the herbicides used in winter wheat have long rotation interval restrictions. The following table lists recrop options following many of the most commonly used wheat herbicides. Many of the sulfonylurea herbicides have rotation interval restrictions longer than one year.

If herbicide rotation restrictions do not permit seeding a summer crop this year, consider summer fallowing the destroyed wheat field and planting a summer crop in the fields you were planning to summer fallow this year. Research conducted in the Nebraska Panhandle found that seeding proso millet into summer fallow fields as a catch crop following hail resulted in significantly better yields than seeding it back into the destroyed wheat field.

Cropping alternatives

Several alternatives are available to those who have lost their winter wheat, including proso millet, sunflower, corn, or a summer annual forage such as foxtail or pearl millet. NuSun oilseed sunflowers are in demand because the snack food industry has made a commitment to improve the health characteristics of their products and NuSun oil has been identified as a healthy product with desirable characteristics for the industry. Confection type sunflowers also can be grown with a premium price for quality production. However, sunflowers use soil water and nutrients from deep in the soil profile. Recent dry conditions have resulted in poor recharge of deeper soil water and sunflowers may struggle to produce good yields without timely in-season rainfall. Dryland corn faces a similar concern with limited soil water at planting time.

Proso and foxtail millet are shallow-rooted, short-duration crops that may be good choices given the limited soil water at planting time. Producers who own livestock or market to the livestock industry also have the option of growing pearl millet, sudangrass, and sorghum x sudangrass hybrids. The drought conditions have supported higher forage prices than in recent years. These summer annual forages can produce a large amount of plant material by effectively using available soil water and summer rainfall. As is the case with proso and foxtail millet, these dryland forages can convert water into plant material very efficiently, making them good choices when replacing wheat.

Before destroying any crop, and or planting another crop, contact your Farm Service Agency and crop insurance company.

Normally herbicide carryover damage is not uniform over a field but rather occurs in a pattern. Sometimes this pattern appears to be random because we aren’t familiar with the underlying cause. There is no question that we see carryover when there is too much herbicide residue present for the crop in question to tolerate. The question is why do we have too much herbicide residue in certain areas and not others? The explanation lies in three broad categories:

1. the original application rate was not uniform,
2. there is increased herbicide residue remaining in certain areas because of variation in the herbicide degradation rate across the field, and
3. the activity of the remaining herbicide residue is greater in certain areas than others.

Application rate

Variations in herbicide application rate can sometimes be observed in a pattern that matches the swath width of the application equipment. Spray pattern overlap results in carryover strips reoccurring at intervals that match the sprayer swath. Carryover at the ends of fields can result from overlap when the field ends are sprayed twice, once in each direction. Changes in travel speed with a sprayer not equipped with a rate controller will result in changes in application rate. Overapplication can occur at the ends of a field if a sprayer not equipped with a rate controller slows, resulting in an increased application rate. Other speed variations such as from slowing for obstacles, uphill versus downhill speed, etc, also will affect the application rate.

Herbicide degradation

Variation in herbicide degradation rate across the field results from variation in the soil environment. One obvious variation in most sprinkler irrigated fields is that the corners are not irrigated and therefore herbicide degradation would be slower and carryover potential greater than in the irrigated portion of the field. Soil pH also can influence the degradation rate of certain herbicides. Soil pH levels can vary within a field and cause carryover patterns related to the variances. These variations within a field often go unnoticed unless the field has been grid sampled.

Herbicide activity

The biological activity of most soil active herbicides is affected by soil properties including organic matter content, clay, and pH. Often more than one of these factors varies across a field. Soil organic matter, and to a lesser extent clay, adsorb herbicides making them unavailable for plant uptake. More herbicide is required for equal biological activity in field areas high in organic matter and clay. This means carryover damage likely will be reduced in areas of the field high in organic matter and clay or correspondingly, carryover will be greater in low organic matter areas. Soil pH can influence the bioavailability of some soil-applied herbicides. With the same amount of herbicide present, crop injury could vary based on soil pH.

Summary

The pattern of crop response across a field is useful in diagnosing potential herbicide carryover. The distribution of crop injury may be due to variations in the environment, variations in the original herbicide application, or both, and understanding the cause can help you avoid crop injury in future years.

Chinch bugs

This insect overwinters in bunch grasses and migrates early in the spring to wheat or other small grains. There they lay eggs and a first generation develops. As the grain matures, chinch bugs will migrate out of that crop and can damage adjacent fields of corn and grain sorghum. If wheat or other small grains border areas where corn or grain sorghum is to be planted, scout these areas for chinch bugs. KSU entomologists suggest that if one adult or four to five nymphs per row foot are found in wheat borders, there is potential for damage to corn or grain sorghum planted in adjacent fields.

There are a variety of management options if chinch bugs are a problem in your area. Avoid planting corn or grain sorghum immediately adjacent to infested wheat fields. Soybeans are not a chinch bug host and would be a better choice in these areas.

If corn or grain sorghum is planted next to infested wheat, a seed treatment such as Cruiser or Gaucho would provide early season protection against low to moderate populations of chinch bugs. In cases with high chinch bug populations, postemergence application of foliar insecticides may be needed, especially on the field borders next to wheat. Repeat applications may be necessary.

It is important to understand the distinctions between the various grasshopper problems that may develop in Nebraska this year. Two grasshopper problems are likely. First, the spring-feeding grasshoppers may be a problem in rangeland, and second, the summer-feeding grasshoppers may cause problems in both rangeland and cropland.

Spring-feeding hoppers

In rangeland this spring, we are already seeing the first problem grasshoppers. Significant grasshopper populations have been observed in areas of central Nebraska where there were problems last year (Custer/Dawson counties). These grasshopper species overwinter as partially grown grasshoppers and feed through the spring before becoming adults in late spring. Because these grasshoppers usually are not present in high numbers and grass is normally actively growing early in the spring, usually they don't cause significant damage; however, last year the combination of high numbers of grasshoppers and very dry conditions with slow-growing grass resulted in serious economic problems in Custer and Dawson counties. With reports that spring-feeding grasshoppers are again abundant in some areas of the Sandhills, ranchers are urged to evaluate the number of spring-feeding grasshoppers and the condition of the grass to determine whether treatment is warranted. Because last year was the only year that these early feeding grasshoppers developed into a significant problem, few treatment guidelines are available. Our treatment thresholds for summer-feeding grasshoppers range from 8 to 40 grasshoppers per square yard, based on grass condition, value, and treatment costs.

As with all grasshoppers, treatment decisions should be made as early as possible. Targeting treatments toward immature grasshoppers will significantly improve control. The use of the RAATs (Reduced Agent and Area Treatments) program is recommended to reduce control costs. For more information on this program, check the NU Department of Entomology grasshopper Web site at http://entomology.unl.edu/grasshoppers/index.htm.

Summer-feeding hoppers

Early scouting and treatment of young grasshoppers before they mature to the adult stage (shown here) can provide cost-effective control in many instances.

The second grasshopper problem likely to develop in Nebraska this year will result from the more typical summer-feeding grasshopper species. These grasshoppers, which are likely to be a problem in both rangeland and cropland, normally begin to hatch in May and feed through June before becoming adults. It will be important to watch for development of grasshopper problems so control measures can be carried out early enough to have maximum effect. Treatment of hatching areas around cropland and hay meadows should be targeted while grasshoppers are in the third to fourth instar stage. The timing for these treatments would normally be mid to late June. The RAATs program should be used to treat rangeland and pasture and perhaps grasslands bordering cropland areas if grasshopper populations exceed thresholds.

Current reports

We already have received reports of 'numerous tiny' early hatching grasshoppers in several parts of the state. It is quite early for our normal hatch of grasshoppers, but because of the mild winter and spring, some of the early hatching grasshopper species could be starting their hatch. These very early hatching grasshoppers are likely species that hatch in the spring (summer feeders) and may not survive well if the spring is cool and wet.

The presence of these grasshoppers needs to be evaluated locally to avoid serious problems. Several years ago in the Panhandle, extreme populations of these early hatching grasshoppers caused serious damage to early seeded crops (sugarbeets, corn, young alfalfa) in early May. Monitor ditchbanks, untilled pivot corners, and other idle areas near cropland that are likely to serve as hatching beds to determine the potential for this early hatching problem. In addition, monitoring grasshoppers in rangeland and around cropland in late May and early June should provide a good idea as to just how severe grasshopper problems will be this year.

Depending on how you look at it, weed management strategies for these tillage types will either be very similar or worlds apart. Of course, while the concepts are still the same, the goals are somewhat different. Management strategies for each still focus on the bottom line of yield.

Conventional tillage soybeans

Under a conventional tillage operation, a good portion of weed management is removed from the equation. Many of the early emerging summer annuals, including giant ragweed, kochia, crabgrass, lambsquarters, and Russian thistle are removed during tillage, allowing the crop and any new weeds to emerge together.

Figure 1. The critical period for weed control in soybeans is between the 2nd trifoliate and the beginning pod stages.

Under this system, a preemergence herbicide can really work well for producers. A preemergence treatment can remove a lot of the weeds that would emerge with the crop and compete heavily with the soybeans. This gives the crop an advantage by several weeks, removing competition during the first portion of the critical period of weed control.

Research at the University of Nebraska has shown that each crop has a critical period during which weeds must be controlled to maintain maximum yields (Figure 1). For soybeans, this period is from the second trifoliate to approximately the beginning of podset. This is roughly the 10th to the 40th day of crop growth. This figure indicates that while you may save some money by going with a a single postemergence program in your Roundup Ready beans, you also are hurting yields by delaying weed control. This means that you may need to consider using two applications of glyphosate or including a preemergent herbicide in your Roundup program to widen the window of application.

While this suggests that weeds in front of this window need not be controlled, other factors such as reduced soil moisture and unsightly field clutter also need to be considered. Given the recent dry years, controlling these early season weeds may be very important to maintaining valuable soil moisture.

No-till soybeans

In dry years no-till farmers may be ahead of the game due to conservation of soil moisture; however, this moisture can be a yield-limiting factor in a drought year too since it may allow for the germination of early summer annuals and support winter annuals that emerged last fall. Burndown treatments will eliminate soil moisture loss from early summer annuals and existing winter annuals. Many herbicide strategies exist to accomplish this while still providing some residual control before the crop is planted.

One strategy is to apply an early preplant treatment with the burndown 10 to 30 days before planting. This removes weed competition up front while providing the necessary early season residual control. The advantage of this strategy is that most summer annuals have not emerged yet, rendering the residual herbicide very useful. Another advantage is that there is more time for rainfall to occur and provide for herbicide incorporation and activity. Finally, depending on the weed spectrum, the early preplant may eliminate the need of an additional burndown, saving money. However one disadvantage is that the herbicide will lose residual activity earlier in the growing season and post treatments must be planned more carefully.

A second strategy is to apply a burndown alone ahead of planting, such as glyphosate at 32 oz/a equivalent rate. When combined with 1.0 pt/a 2,4-D ester, glyphosate can be reduced to 24 oz/a. Keep in mind that there is a seven-day interval between application of 1 pint of 2,4-D and soybean planting. Any application greater than 1 pint of 2,4-D requires 30 days before planting. A disadvantage to this strategy is the window between the burndown treatment and the planting time treatment. The bigger the gap, the more likely it is for additional weeds to emerge ahead of planting.

Still another technique is to apply a two-thirds rate of residual herbicide with the burndown followed by another third residual at planting. This allows for a longer window between the burndown and planting in case the planting gets delayed. In addition it provides another dose of residual at planting time to increase weed control at crop emergence by a few days. This system allows more flexibility in your postemergence herbicide applications since environmental conditions such as rainfall or wind may occur at your normal time of postemergence application and delay spraying operations.

With each management strategy, producers should remember two things. First, early season weed competition can reduce yield, especially in a dry year. Second, use a strategy that will provide the most flexibility for your management style. Each strategy will have its own shortcomings, so be able to recognize them and adjust.

Expert from Syngenta contains s-metalachlor, atrazine, and glypho-sate and is for use preplant and preemergence in corn plus early postemergence in Roundup Ready corn.

Rosen's Inc has acquired a new business position with several existing active ingredients. Their three new products, which are currently being marketed in Nebraska and the Midwest, include: Volley, Priority and Blanket.

"Volley" products contain the active ingredient acetochlor with or without atrazine. They are labeled for preplant, pre-emergence in corn.

Volley contains 6.4 lbs of acetochlor per gallon.

Volley ATZ contains 3 lbs of acetochlor and 2.25 lbs of atrazine per gallon.

Volley ATZ lite contains 4 lbs of acetochlor and 1.5 lbs of atrazine per gallon.

Priority (carfentrazone + halosulfuron) is labeled for post-emergence for all types of corn. It contains 12.5% carfentrazone and 50% halosulfuron per gallon.

Blanket (sulfentrazone) is labeled for preplant and preemergence in soybeans. Blanket contains 75% sulfentrazone per pound.

Landmark MP and Landmark II MP from DuPont contain sulfo-meturon methyland chlorsulfuron. These herbicides control many annuals and broadleaf weeds in non-cropland.

Camix correction -- In a previous issue Camix from Syngenta was incorrectly listed as a new herbicide. Camix is NOT registered for use in Nebraska and is being marketed only in the eastern Cornbelt. However the active ingredients from Camix -- mesotrione and metalochlor -- can be tank mixed according to their respective Callisto and Dual II Magnum labels.

• Loren Giesler (75% extension/25% research) will assume responsibility beginning in July for prioritized programs on corn diseases until the corn pathology position is permanently filled. His principal responsibility will continue to be statewide extension programs on soybean diseases with minor responsibility for ornamental diseases.
• John Watkins (75% extension/25% research) will be responsible for statewide extension programming on small grains, turfgrasses and forages (primarily alfalfa) with minor responsibility for sorghum diseases.
• Jennifer Chaky (100% extension) will continue as the Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic coordinator and plant disease diagnostician. Extension educational responsibilities will include diseases of trees and home garden fruits and vegetables and coordination of extension plant pathology involvement in Master Gardener Training, Field Crop Scout Training, Crop Management and Diagnostic Clinics, Winter Integrated Crop Management Programming and Crop Protection Clinics.

Jim's move to KSU was precipitated by the closing of the South Central Research and Extension Center due to University budget cuts.

John E. Watkins, Loren Giesler, Jennifer Chaky
Extension Plant Pathology

Presenters will include University specialists, educators and industry consultants who will provide research-based, objective information on applying innovation and experience to increase profitability.

This year field days will be held in four new locations:

August 12 - Overton

August 13 - DeWitt

August 14 - Shelby

August 15 - Dakota City

Soybean Management Field Days is funded by soybean checkoff funds and sponsored by the Nebraska Soybean Board in cooperation with the University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension.

Field stops will focus on weed management; improving your financial decisions; managing soil water and irrigation; and unlocking the mysteries of high soybean yields.

The soybean checkoff program strives to help producers achieve greater profits from quality crops. By participating in Soybean Management Field Days, producers will see their checkoff dollars at work bringing leading technology and ideas to producers. CCA credits are also available for those needing them.

Weed management

This presentation will focus on: turbocharging your glyphosate, early weed control-easy money, glyphosate resistant weeds, and conventional systems. Presenters include: Alex Martin, NU Extension Weed Specialist; Brady Kappler, NU Extension Weed Science Educator; and Bob Klein, NU Extension Cropping Systems Specialist.

Improving your financial decisions

This presentation will focus on: competing globally and acting locally, cost of production, improving marketing skills, and alternative financial strategies. Presenters are Steve Johnson, ISU Extension Farm Management Specialist, and Gary Bredensteiner, Former Director, Nebraska Farm Business Association.

Managing soil water and irrigation

This presentation will focus on: managing soil water warehouses, how tillage reduces the size of your warehouse, when warehouse deliveries are critical, and restocking the warehouse with irrigation. Presenters are Bill Kranz, UNL Extension Irrigation Specialist, and Paul Jasa, UNL Extension Engineer.

Unlocking the mysteries of high soybean yields

This presentation will focus on: knowing your soils and maximizing yield potential, estimating nutrients your soil can supply, elements essential for high yields, liming acid soils, harnessing sunlight for maximum yields, managing soil moisture, organic matter, variety interactions in the field, and relationship of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients. Presented by Roger Elmore, UNL Extension Crops Specialist, and Dale Flowerday, Dalmar Consulting. For more information, call 1-800-529-8030 or 1-800-852-BEAN.

Soil temperatures Soil temperatures were generally above normal for April 16-23 for the sites reported at cropwatch.unl.edu/weather.htm. Average soil temperatures for the week ranged from 47.0oF at Gordon to 59.6oF at Havelock. Departures from normal ranged from - 0.1 at Smithfield to + 8.0 at Monroe and +8.6 at Havelock.

With the inception of ASIS, the regional climate center web sites will offer new climate-derived products. Since drought has been the major topic across many regions of the United States, graphical products have been developed to analyze precipitation over defined times. These products use over 5,000 reporting sites across the United States and are updated daily.

The charge for service is the same as in previous years. The standard sample fee of $10 is applied to all samples that can be diagnosed with only visual and/or microscopic examination. There are additional charges for other services such as culturing for pathogen identification. The $10 fee helps cover the cost of media plates and the time involved in identifying the causal agent.

Fees also are added for the following:

SCN Assay - $10

Plant Parasitic Nematode Assay - $15

Goss's Culture - $10

Stewart's Elisa - $15

Misc. Elisa Test - $15

Bacterial ID - Biolog System - $20

Virus Screen - (Protein based) - $15

Rare Species ID - $10

Insect Culture - $10

Tips for collecting samples

Printable submission form for the NU Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic (PDF format)

1. Collect sample representative of symptoms and include healthy tissue for comparison. For turf samples, collect a portion that includes a margin between healthy and diseased areas.
2. Send as much of the sample as possible. If feasible, send the entire plant including the root ball. Also send multiple plants or multiple branches from a tree or shrub showing a range from healthy to unhealthy for identification.
3. Provide as much information about the sample as possible (age and variety of plant, moisture availability, soil type, disease history of site, chemical history of site, description of symptoms, plant part(s) affected, time of symptom development, distribution of symptoms, occurrence of severe weather, and any other information that may be helpful in diagnosing the problem).
4. Include a picture of the distribution of symptoms.
5. Plants submitted for horticultural and weed identification should include flowers and/or fruit, leaves and roots.

1. Keep sample cool before sending.
2. Place sample in a plastic bag and include a dry towel if the sample is damp. If the roots are in soil, enclose them in a separate plastic bag with the soil intact. Place the sample into a sturdy box with packing material to take up excess space. A padded envelope can be used for relatively small and flat samples, such as some tree branches.
3. Do not mail samples late in the week, as the sample can deteriorate if the package sits in the post office over the weekend.
4. Include all sample information (listed in previous section), photographs if possible, and contact information such as phone numbers and mailing address.

Insect samples that are sent for identification are handled differently than plant samples. Send insect specimens in a rigid container. Soft-bodied insects, such as insect larvae and small insects, should be placed into a tightly sealed bottle with a liquid preservative such as alcohol or vinegar. Rubbing alcohol works well because it is 70% alcohol. Hard-bodied insects, such as beetles, ants and flies should be wrapped in tissue and placed in a crush-proof container. For living insects, place the host plant or damaged material along with some loose tissue into a ventilated container. By following these guidelines, the samples received at the PPDC will arrive in good condition. All of us at the PPDC look forward to helping with your diagnostic questions this summer. We hope that your plant and insect problems are minimal and your harvest is plentiful.

During the last round of EQIP funding in Nebraska, NRCS received $230 million in applications for the $12 million in available funding. Approximately 5% of the applications were awarded. Unfunded applicants from that process will be contacted by letter to see if they would like to review their application and amend it according to the current ranking criteria, Thober said. EQIP was reauthorized in the 2002 farm bill to provide a voluntary conservation program for farmers and ranchers, offering financial and technical assistance to help eligible participants install or implement structural and management practices on eligible agricultural land. Incentive and/or cost-share funding for conservation practices is provided, based on a priority ranking system.

Aside from the general sign-up, CRP's continuous sign-up program is ongoing. USDA has reserved two million acres for the continuous sign-up program, which represents the most environmentally desirable and sensitive land. USDA is making a special effort to help enhance wildlife habitats and air quality by setting aside 500,000 acres for bottomland hardwood tree planting. Continuous sign-up for hardwood planting will start after the general sign-up.

Current participants with contracts expiring this fall - about 1.5 million - can make new contract offers.

Contracts awarded under this sign-up will become effective either at the beginning of the next fiscal year, Oct. 1, 2003, or the following year, Oct. 1, 2004, whichever the producer chooses. One other general sign-up will be offered through 2007.

The Farm Service Agency will evaluate and rank eligible CRP offers using the Environmental Benefits Index (EBI) for environmental benefits to be gained from enrolling the land in CRP. Decisions on the EBI cutoff will be made after the sign-up ends and after analyzing the EBI numbers of all the offers. Those who would have met previous sign-up EBI thresholds are not guaranteed a contract under this sign-up. For more information, visit or contact your local FSA office.

USDA News Release

“Market Journal Extra” is a 30-minute NU Cooperative Extension video program hosted by Doug Jose, NU farm management specialist. John Watkins, NU Extension plant pathologist, will be the featured guest. Watkins will show examples of wheat diseases and talk about how each is detected and treated. He also will address how soil moisture, precipitation, and other factors affect the spread of wheat diseases.

“Market Journal Extra” can be seen on the Dish Network’s University House Channel (NAUHS) 9411, at noon CT May 2. It also will be broadcast via satellite (NEB*sat channel 102). The public is invited to view the program at Cooperative Extension offices in the following counties: Boone, Cass, Holt, Madison, Saunders, Sioux, Valley, Washington, and York. Audio and video clips from the program will be available on the Web at marketjournal.unl.edu

If they are present, damage will begin to become apparent over the next few weeks. High moth catches last fall in the southern Panhandle indicated that their damage potential is elevated this spring.

Ralph Anderson, Extension Educator in Buffalo County: The planters are rolling in Buffalo County. Most of the ground is working well and is in good shape for planting. Depending on where you are, soil surface moisture is marginal and subsurface moisture is scarce. We lost time for field work last week with the bad weather. There was some moisture, but the high winds soon dried fields, including valuable moisture from the top soil.

Soil temperatures are considerably above long-term averages. Weeds are starting in non-tilled fields and need to be watched and managed as corn is planted. I did not find any army worms, alfalfa weevils, or grasshoppers in a scouting tour last week. Wheat and alfalfa in Buffalo County appear to be in good condition generally and growing well.

Roger Elmore, Extension Crops Specialist at the South Central Ag Lab: Wheat here is jointing and canopies are closing over the row.

USDA Nebraska Agricultural Statistics Service: Rainfall and wet soil conditions limited fieldwork activities but improved soil moisture supplies and producer outlook, according to USDA’s NASS report of April 21. Subsoil moisture supplies, although slightly improved last week, continued to be rated mostly short to very short and unchanged from last fall. Producer activities included spring tillage operations, planting, fertilizer applications, and livestock care.

Average temperatures ranged from normal to five degrees above normal for the week. Precipitation across the state ranged from trace levels to over two inches.

Wheat condition continued to improve last week and rated 1% very poor, 11% poor, 44% fair, 39% good, and 5% excellent. Thirteen percent of the crop had jointed, which compares to 8% last year and 10% average. Oat seedings progressed to 76% complete, behind last year at 79%, and ahead of average at 68%. Thirty percent had emerged, which compares with 40% last year.

Sugar beet planting progressed in the Panhandle and Southwest districts to 25% complete. A year ago 55% had been planted.

Corn planting made limited progress last week with a total of 4% seeded. This compares to 7% last year and an average of 5%.

Alfalfa conditions rated 5% very poor, 18% poor, 37% fair, 32% good, and 8% excellent.

May 1 - Alliance

May 6 - Grand Island

May 13 - North Platte

May 20 - Lexington

The clinics offer individual and confidential information and education on farm finances; the laws, regulations and policies governing Farm Services Agency (FSA); debt restructuring and other legal options; and how the mediation program can help work with lenders to find an agreeable and workable solution. The Farm Hotline (1-800-464-0258) must be contacted to make an appointment and to learn the clinic location in the town where individuals wish to make an appointment.

The contact for the Farm Mediation program at the Nebraska Department of Agriculture is Marian Beethe, (402) 471-6890 or marianjb@agr.state.ne.us

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